Suchergebnisse

The subject. The authors create an instrumental apparatus that saturates existing and emerging data needs in the theory constituting process and thus create preconditions for police practice development.The methodology. The research is based on the content analyses of final research reports, the object of which is police proceedings and the subject is police reality,The purpose. The authors substantiate the following hypothesis. The source of the development of knowledge in police practice and the development of police theory is a permanent solution to the philosophical contradiction between police theory and police practice, with police practice being the defining aspect of this contradictory unity. The need and areas of scientific knowledge of activities in the police proceedings structure are therefore determined by police practice.The main results. By verifying police practice, the authors confirm the necessary obligatory interaction between theory and practice, which is predominantly determined by the achieved research outputs and their acceptance. At the same time, they respect that systematically processed knowledge from applied research can show the character of a theory. In accordance with their knowledge, consisting of a system of knowledge presented by the achieved outputs from scientific research, evaluation and explanation of phenomena registered in the purposeful implementation of activities in the structure of police proceedings (research object). The term police action can be understood as a synthetic term for a holistic grasp of the police activity and its bodies. The activity of police and security authorities means: a special form of professional service for the state, self-governing as well as commercial organizations and, last but not least, citizens. It contains a set of executive, organizational, management and other activities that have the character of official interventions, official acts, other official activities and other measures. They are carried out in accordance with the rule of law and ethical principles of civil democratic society, preventive and, where necessary, repressive methods of police work. Their aim is to protect the fundamental human rights of citizens and society from crime and other anti-social activities. They define the identity of these phenomena through the subject (optics) of research, systematically defining the police reality by the process parameters, their determinants and constructs of specific police activities. In the Slovak Republic, the authors of this paper participate in the performance of tasks related to the constitution of police sciences. The outputs of applied research offer a system of scientific knowledge about police reality. With the dialectical approach, in relation to the examined activities in the structure of police proceedings, they define the reasons related to the assumption of the existence of links among the elements of police reality, or they reveal their objective absence. By identifying systems, the authors create a model of these purposefully implemented activities with properties characterizing their behaviour. At the same time, they respect that the strategic form of the parameters of this model is expressed by the achieved set intentions and goals of certain specific activities. Determining them is a concentrated expression of this will. The basic context in their work (participation in the process of constituting police sciences), determining the meaning and mission, is a specific subject accepted by them. This is the police reality, an objective fact that the theory of police sciences examines and uses to explain existing and emerging objects. Therefore, their activity in the process of constituting police sciences corresponds to changes in social processes. When creating their instruments (conceptual system, categories, theoretical models, forms of thinking), they combine it with the explanation of new approaches related to the development and advancement of policing processes, characterized by openness and possibilities of social control in their purposeful implementation. This confirms that this process forms a system. Its design shows relative stability and closeness. They do not include any inputs in its content, just those that are foreseen and anticipated. In this context, they realize that the interdisciplinary of concepts enriches the view of constituted police science. For the police sciences , the abstractness and generality of statements from other scientific disciplines is not a starting point, but already the result of research into specific systems (disposition of knowledge), significantly contributing to increase effectiveness of their scientific work. In the conditions of the Slovak Republic, the police sciences are constituted as practical, social and security sciences. Therefore, the authors of this paper accept that the theoretical and methodological development of police sciences requires them to be confronted and independently dealt with the current state in the theory and methodology of science in the early 21st century, to be sensitive to the current development of the overall scientific atmosphere and independently and critically. In this process, the meaningfulness of their scientific work is evident. This corresponds to the registered needs for the transfer of scientific knowledge into police practice.Conclusions. From these findings it is clear that in the current stage of development of the Slovak Republic, the process of constituting police sciences forms a structured system with to the point management. Its successful completion is also determined by the results of a constructive discussion, the authors participated in with this presented knowledge. ; Рассмотрены полицейские науки, которые согласно словацкой доктрине изучают полицейскую деятельность и подразделяются на практические, социальные и науки о безопасности. Отмечено, что деятельность полиции и органов безопасности означает особую форму профессиональной службы в интересах государства, органов местного самоуправления, а также коммерческих организаций и, что не менее важно, граждан. Такая деятельность включает комплекс принудительных, организационных, управленческих и других актов, выраженных в форме официальных действий, решений, мероприятий и других мер. Они должны осуществляться в соответствии с верховенством закона и этическими принципами гражданского демократического общества, посредством превентивных и, при необходимости, репрессивных методов работы полиции.

The article reveals the essence and content of the constitutional foundations of human rights activities in Ukraine, examines the main subjects, methods and forms of this activity, in relation to the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms.The authors indicate that human rights activities as an object of numerous researches about their methods, mechanisms, subjects and forms have passed, on the authors opinion, their rocky way from the natural human rights acknowledgement and search for the mechanisms of the affirmation and guarantee thereof, to the human rights activities as a special constitutional legal activity, from static procedural characteristics to dynamic processual features. At the same time, human rights activities get powerful development simultaneously with the emergence of constitutionalism and the practice of normalizing human rights and freedoms in the constitutions.We shall indicate that human rights and freedoms and affirmation, exercise and protection of them absolutely deservedly have become one of the key subjects of constitutional law-making and law-enforcement practice in 21st century. Thus, national protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is regarded as legislative and law-enforcement practice in the field of human rights which reflects specific historical and cultural traditions and the level of socio-economic development of the country.We can conclude that human rights protection ­constitutes a necessary integral and inevitable component of the legal sphere, the focus of its development and one of the forms of the essence of law expression.The effectiveness of such protection is due to the constructiveness of the interaction of the entire set of elements of the legal mechanism for the implementation of human rights protection in Ukraine.Today, the main objective of human rights activities in Ukraine is protection and restoration of human rights and freedoms established and guaranteed by the Constitution, creation of the proper conditions ensuring human life and health protection, respect of human honor and dignity, inviolability and security by national and local authorities and their officers and by non-governmental organizations and business. At the same time, human rights activities, despite their purposeful nature, should prevent the violation of the principle of equality of constitutional rights and freedoms ; В статье подробно раскрывается сущность и содержание конституционных основ правозащитной деятельности в Украине, исследуются основные субъекты методы и формы деятельности, по защите основных прав и свобод человека.Отмечается, что правозащитная деятельность как объект многочисленных исследований методы, механизмы, формы и ее субъектов прошла, по нашему мнению, сложный путь от признания за человеком его естественных прав и поиска механизмов их утверждения и обеспечения - к правозащитной деятельности как специального вида конституционно-правовой деятельности, от статически процедурных к динамично-процессуальных свойств. При этом правозащитная деятельность получает свой мощное развитие одновременно со становлением конституционализма и практикой нормирования прав и свобод человека в конституциях. Отметим, что права и свободы человека, их утверждения, реализация и защита вполне заслуженно стали одним из ключевых предметов конституционной правотворческой и правоприменительной практики в 21 веке. Так, защита прав и свобод человека и гражданина государством понимается как законодательная и правоприменительная практика в области прав человека, которая отражает специфические историко-культурные традиции и уровень социально-экономического развития страны.Можно констатировать, что защита прав человека - это необходимый, неотъемлемый и неизбежный компонент правовой сферы, ориентир ее развития и одна из форм выражения сущности права. Эффективность такой защиты обусловлена конструктивностью взаимодействия всей совокупности элементов правового механизма осуществления правозащитной деятельности Украины.На сегодня основной целью правозащитной деятельности в Украине защиты и обновления утвержденных и гарантированных Основным Законом прав и свобод человека, а также создание органами государственной власти и органами местного самоуправления, их должностными лицами, институтами гражданского общества и бизнесом условий для обеспечения жизни и здоровья человека, его чести и достоинства, неприкосновенности и безопасности. Вместе с тем, правозащитная деятельность, несмотря на свой целенаправленный характер, имеет предупреждать нарушения принципа равенства конституционных прав и свобод человека ; У статті детально розкривається сутність і зміст конституційних основ правозахисної діяльності в Україні, досліджуються основні суб'єкти методи і форми діяльності, щодо захисту основоположних прав і свобод людини.Зазначається, що правозахисна діяльність як об'єкт численних досліджень про методи, механізми, форми та її суб'єктів пройшла, на нашу думку, складний шлях від визнання за людиною її природних прав та пошуку механізмів їх утвердження та гарантування – до правозахисної діяльності як спеціального виду конституційно-правової діяльності, від статично-процедурних до динамічно-процесуальних властивостей. При цьому правозахисна діяльність отримує свій потужний розвиток одночасно зі становленням конституціоналізму та практикою унормування прав і свобод людини в конституціях.Відзначимо, що права і свободи людини, їх утвердження, реалізація та захист цілком заслужено стали одним із ключових предметів конституційної правотворчої та правозастосовної практики в 21 столітті. Так, захист прав і свобод людини та громадянина державою розуміється як законодавча і правозастосовна практика в галузі прав людини, яка відображає специфічні історико-культурні традиції та рівень соціально-економічного розвитку країни.Можна констатувати, що захист прав людини – це необхідний, невід'ємний і неминучий компонент правової сфери, орієнтир її розвитку та одна із форм вираження сутності права. Ефективність такого захисту обумовлена конструктивністю взаємодії всієї сукупності елементів правового механізму здійснення правозахисної діяльності України.На сьогодні основною метою правозахисної діяльності в Україні захисту та поновлення утверджених і гарантованих Основним Законом прав і свобод людини, а також створення органами державної влади та органами місцевого самоврядування, їх посадовими особами, інститутами громадянського суспільства та бізнесом належних умов для забезпечення життя і здоров'я людини, її честі та гідності, недоторканості та безпеки. Разом з тим, правозахисна діяльність, незважаючи на свій цілеспрямований характер, має упереджувати порушення принципу рівності конституційних прав і свобод людини

Die inneralevitischen Diskussionen zum Alevitum lassen sich zu einer Grundsatzfrage zur Identität bündeln: Ist das Alevitum innerhalb oder außerhalb des Islam zu verorten? Für viele alevitische Erbpriester der älteren Generation ist diese Frage einfach zu beantworten: Das Alevitum ist der wahre Kern des Islam. Es ist der auf Geheimwissen aufbauende, wahre Islam, den Ali und seine Abkömmlinge gelehrt und innerhalb ihrer eingeschworenen Gemeinschaften tradiert haben. Einige alevitische Erbpriester (Dede / Pir) beziehen ihr geistiges Amt und das damit verbundene Wissen aus einer Abstammung von Ali und lassen die Lehre des Alevitums in der Frühphase des Islam beginnen. In den Buyruk sollen deutliche Hinweise bestehen, dass die Lehre mit den ersten treuen Anhängern Muhammeds entstanden sei und nur Abkömmlinge Ali´s berechtigt sind, auf dieses schriftlich fixierte aber mündlich gelehrte Wissen zuzugreifen. Die gegenteilige Sicht sieht die Ursprünge des Alevitums nicht in der Frühphase des Islams und lehnt bezüglich der Entstehung des Alevitums eine geographische Verortung in der arabischsprachigen Welt kategorisch ab. Betrachtet man diesen Grundsatzstreit als Folge einer Identitätskrise, so müssen die Ursachen in der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Aleviten gesucht werden. Hier scheint das Verhältnis zu Schriftlichkeit und Schriften an sich ein wichtiger Faktor zu sein. Auch wenn unter den Aleviten die weit verbreitete Annahme dominiert, dass das Alevitum auf mündlicher Überlieferung basiert, bilden zahlreiche Schriften die Grundlagen jener mündlichen Überlieferungen aus denen Aleviten ihre religiösen, soziokuluturellen und auch politischen Grundsätze ableiten. Besonders hervorzuheben sind die als Buyruk bekannten Schriften, die inhaltlich bisher kaum analysiert wurden. Die Buyruk sind Träger eines speziellen Narratives, in denen Muhammed und Ali die Hauptfiguren sind und als Begründer der Religion dargestellt werden. Der Glaube, dass von Muhammed an Ali diktiertes esoterisches Wissen sich über die 12 Imame tradiert und erhalten haben soll, spiegelt sich letztendlich in der mündlichen wie auch schriftlichen Überlieferung des Alevitums wider. Auch wenn diese Schriften in der Tradition der Aleviten ihren festen Platz hatten, so scheinen sie seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts an Bedeutung und Präsenz verloren zu haben. In dieser Untersuchung werden Ursachen für den Verlust der Bedeutung der Buyruk kurz skizziert und das Narrativ von esoterischem Wissen im Besitz der Ali´s dargelegt. ; The debates done on Alevism among Alevis on the aspect of whether Alevism lies inside or outside of Islam, can be combined through identity, which is a principal question. Many Alevi "dedes", members of the older generation, will give a simple answer to this question: "Alevism is the true essence of Islam." Alevism is true Islam which is based on secret knowledge, taught by Ali and his descendants, and bequeathed to devout community. Some Alevi "dedes" and "pirs" ground their spiritual positions and their knowledge related to this on the fact that they are Ali's descendants, and they also believe that Alevi dogma arose in the early period of the Islam religion. There are clear signs in "Buyruks" that Alevi dogma arose together with companions who sincerely believed in Prophet Muhammad from the beginning, and that only Ali's descendants are entitled to use verbally this dogmatic knowledge, which is however in writing form. The view opposing this assessment indicates that Alevism does not originate from the early period of Islam and categorically refuses to relate the origin of Alevism to Arabic-speaking world. The fact that this principal debate is seen as a manifestation of an identity crises necessitates a research of the causes in the developmental history of Alevism. In this context, the relation between textuality and written works seems to be an important factor in essence. Although the idea that Alevism is based on oral narratives is widely accepted among Alevis, many written works from which Alevis derived their religious, socio-cultural and political principles form the basis of these oral knowledge. The written works known as "Buyruk", which content has been subject to very limitted analysis to date, shoould be especially emphisezed. "Buyruk" is a special narration which presents Prophet Muhammad and Ali as the most important characters of Alevism and as founders of this belief. The belief concerning preserving and handing down through the Twelve Imams secret knowledge that Prophet Muhammad taught Ali, reflects consequently the written and oral tradition of Alevism. Even if these writings have a steady place in Alevi tradition, they seem to have lost their importance and existence since the mid-20th century. This paper will briefly analyse the reasons why "Buyruks" lost their importance and will describe the narration concerning secret knowledge saved by Ali. ; Aleviler arasında 'Alevilik İslam'ın içinde mi yoksa dışanda mı?' cihetinde Aleviliğe dair yapılan tartışmalar ilkesel bir soru olan kimlik üzerinden birleştirilebilir. Yaşlı nesle mensup birçok Alevi dedesi bu soruya "Alevilik İslam'ın gerçek özüdür" şeklinde basit bir cevap verecektir. Alevilik, gizli bilgiye dayalı, Hz. Ali ve onun soyundan gelenler tarafından öğretilen ve buna candan inanmış cemaate miras bırakılan gerçek İslam'dır. Bazı Alevi dede ve pirleri, sahip oldukları manevi makamlarını ve bununla ilintili olarak bilgilerini Hz. Ali'nin soyundan gelmelerine dayandırıp, keza Alevi dogmasının da İslam dininin ilk döneminde ortaya çıktığına inanmaktadırlar. Buyruk'larda, Alevi dogmasının Hz. Muhammed'e baştan beri samimi olarak inanan sahabelerle birlikte ortaya çıktığına ve sadece Hz. Ali'nin soyundan gelenlerin bu yazılı olarak düzenlenmiş lakin sözlü olarak dogmatik bilgiyi kullanmaya yetkili olduğuna dair belirgin işaretler vardır. Bu değerlendirmeye karşı çıkan muhalif görüş ise, Aleviliğin köken olarak İslam'ın ilk dönemi ile münasebeti olmadığını belirtip, Aleviliğin ortaya çıkışını coğrafi olarak Arapça konuşan dünya ile ilişkilendirmeyi kategorik olarak reddetmektedirler. Bu esasa dayalı tartışmanın bir kimlik krizinin tezahürü olarak görülmesi sonuç olarak Aleviliğin gelişim tarihindeki sebeplerin araştırılmasını elzem kılar. Bu bağlamda metinsellik ve yazılı eserler arasındaki ilişki esas itibariyle önemli bir etken gibi görünüyor. Aleviler arasında yaygın bir şekilde Aleviliğin nakli temelllere dayalı olduğu fikri hakim olsa da, Alevilerin dini, sosyo- kültürel ve siyasi ilkelerini türettiği birçok yazılı eser bu nakli bilgilerin temelini oluşturur. Bugüne kadar içerik olarak ancak çok sınırlı bir analize tabi tutulan Buyruk ismi adı altında bilinen yazılı eserlere özellikle vurgu yapılması gerekir. Buyruklar, Hz. Muhammed ve Hz. Ali'nin Aleviliğin en önemli karakterleri olduğunu ve onları bu dinin kurucusu olarak gösteren özel bir anlatımın taşıyıcısıdır. Hz. Muhammed tarafından Hz. Ali'ye öğretilen gizli bilginin 12 İmam üzerinden aktarıldığı ve korunduğuna dair inanç sonuç itibariyle Aleviliğin yazılı ve sözlü geleneklerini yansıtır. Bu yazılı eserler Alevi geleneğinde sağlam bir yere sahip olsalar bile, 20. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren önemlerini ve mevcudiyetlerini kaybetmiş görünüyorlar. Bu çalışmada Buyrukların önemlerini yitirmelerinin sebebleri kısaca irdelenecek ve Hz. Ali'nin tasarrufunda bulunan gizli bilgiye dair anlatı betimlenecektir.

Despite the law has been developing through the span of the history of human civilization, law has been formulated by legal thinkers, theologians, philosophers; constructed with various pretexts and objectives: for legal certainty, utility, justice and order; used to regulate social life in various forms and dimensions: customary law, religious law, state law, international law, the formulation of legal theory, to date, is still an academic debate. It is Brian Z. Tamanaha, a professor of law from America, who also entered the theoretical debate's arena through his academic works. In the contemporary legal discourse, Tamanaha is quite popular among academics and legal activists. Tamanaha is known globally due to his famous works, such as "A General Jurisprudence of Law and Society (2001)", which received Herbert Jacob Bookrize awards, and "On the Rule of Law: History, Politics and Theory (2004)", which have been translated into 6 languages. His position as an important legal thinker in the 21st century gained his legitimacy in 2013. Through a poll, which involved 300 deans and professors from various universities in America, Tamanaha was regarded as the most influential legal educator. Tamanaha is often cited by many legal thinkers in Indonesia, among others, by Satjipto Rahardjo, especially regarding Tamanaha's concept known as the mirror thesis. Through this notion, Tamanaha argues that law is only a reflection of certain ideas, values, cultures and traditions of society. Because law is always particular, referring to certain societies in particular temporal circumstances, then, legal transplantation from and/or to other communities is not realistic if not impossible. His thinking, inevitably influenced by the Anglo Saxon legal tradition that grows and practiced in his homeland America, which tends to be more dynamic and reliant on jurisprudence. On April 24, 2017, Cambridge University Press published Tamanaha's latest book entitled "A Realistic Theory of Law". Examining the composition of the book's contents: contained a debate regarding law's definition, the schools of law, genealogy of law, while questioning the truth and the universality of law, presumably implying that Tamanaha was constructing his own legal theory as reflected in the book's title ("Theory of Law"). Based on this description, the author is interested in exploring Tamanaha's legal thinking; outlining his opinions on the essence of law, through his newest book which numbered 202 pages. The first part of the book discusses three most prominent theories or legal philosophies (Jurisprudence) in various legal discourses: The School of analytical law (legal positivism), philosophical/ethical (natural law) and historical (historical schools). Throughout history, from medieval times to renaissance, the conflict between these schools of jurisprudence was reviewed through its exponents thinkers. Then, Tamanaha entered the arena using the socio-legal framework's, in order to overcome the gap between these schools of law. In the second chapter, Tamanaha reviews the classical debate on law, namely questioning the legal definition in a sub-title "what is law?". The three branch of jurisprudence, as mentioned previously, are joined to disscuss the problematic definition of law. Then, Tamanaha not only criticizes the proposed law definitions, elucidating the shortcomings and failures of established legal definitions, but also tries to reconstruct it. Chapter three contains description with regard to the claim of law's universality. Here, Tamanaha critically discusses the basic assumptions of law and the implicit legal features from the mainstream law's perspective. Differentiation between laws as social construction, which varies in each society due to the variety of cultures, environments, etc. (a posteriori), is faced diametrically with the identification of idealized laws, which can be applied universally (a priori). The discussion raises a debate on the universality of the nature of law (universal truth); identification of legal characteristics, and the possibility of its implementation in a universal way. Tamanaha, in the fourth part, uses genealogical approach of law; tracing the relationship between law and non-law elements, such as: economic, social, political, environmental, technological, cultural, in a diverse historical contexts. On the one hand, Tamanaha is concerned with historical developments related to legal structures; how law is formed and what elements have influenced law, by citing historians, sociologists, anthropologists viewpoint, etc. On the other hand, Tamanaha scrutinize analytical law's arguments, especially the positivist school; suing the basic assumptions of state law which has been hegemonic as the standard, in determining entity referred to as law. The fifth part of the book is entitled "Law in the Age of Organizations". Tamanaha begins this chapter by claiming that legal theories have failed in calculating fundamental changes in law and society, which are marked by the rise of formal legal instruments. Tamanaha claims that his legal theory is more suited to modernity. Tamanaha distinguishes between law as the core regulation for social interaction and the use of law by the state. Furthermore Tamanaha explained how the interaction between the two categories affected the creation of legal structures in the community. Before arriving at conclusions, Tamanaha ends the discussion in this book through the last part entitled "What is International Law". Tamanaha claims that international legal theories have a problem due to the confusions of concepts and ideological views constructed in international legal discourse. Conceptual barriers trigerred by Jeremy Bentham's theoretical paradigm in which he created a gap between domestic law and international law as separate entities. While ideological barriers stem from normative tendencies or commitments among international law experts in establishing a universal legal system; thus creating a false vision related to the locus of international law and its relation with national law. By outlining these confusion, Tamanaha believes he can provide a more comprehensive understanding of international law.

This paper presents the combinations of single-top-quark production cross-section measurements by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, using data from LHC proton-proton collisions at = 7 and 8 TeV corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1.17 to 5.1 fb(-1) at = 7 TeV and 12.2 to 20.3 fb(-1) at = 8 TeV. These combinations are performed per centre-of-mass energy and for each production mode: t-channel, tW, and s-channel. The combined t-channel cross-sections are 67.5 +/- 5.7 pb and 87.7 +/- 5.8 pb at = 7 and 8 TeV respectively. The combined tW cross-sections are 16.3 +/- 4.1 pb and 23.1 +/- 3.6 pb at = 7 and 8 TeV respectively. For the s-channel cross-section, the combination yields 4.9 +/- 1.4 pb at = 8 TeV. The square of the magnitude of the CKM matrix element V-tb multiplied by a form factor f(LV) is determined for each production mode and centre-of-mass energy, using the ratio of the measured cross-section to its theoretical prediction. It is assumed that the top-quark-related CKM matrix elements obey the relation |V-td|, |V-ts| « |V-tb|. All the |f(LV)V(tb)|(2) determinations, extracted from individual ratios at = 7 and 8 TeV, are combined, resulting in |f(LV)V(tb)| = 1.02 +/- 0.04 (meas.) +/- 0.02 (theo.). All combined measurements are consistent with their corresponding Standard Model predictions. ; ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, Brazil; FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, China; MOST, China; NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, Czech Republic; MPO CR, Czech Republic; VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, Germany; HGF, Germany; MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT, Japan; JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, Switzerland; Canton of Bern, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE, United States of America; NSF, United States of America; BCKDF, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; COST, European Union; ERC, European Union; ERDF, European Union; Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG, Germany; AvH Foundation, Germany; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF, Israel; GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Royal Society, United Kingdom; Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria); FNRS (Belgium); FWO (Belgium); CNPq (Brazil); CAPES (Brazil); FAPERJ (Brazil); FAPERGS (Brazil); FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CAS (China); MoST (China); NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia); ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland (Finland); MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France); CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF (Germany); DFG (Germany); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India); DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia); RFBR (Russia); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom; DOE (U.S.A.); NSF (U.S.A.); Marie-Curie programme; Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A.P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium); FWO (Belgium) [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z181100004218003]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary); New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development Fund; Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland) [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; EU-ESF; Greek NSRF; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.); Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; Herakleitos programme; Thales programme; Aristeia programme; European Research Council (European Union) ; Open access journal ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. 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The article reveals the essence and content of the constitutional foundations of human rights activities in Ukraine, examines the main subjects, methods and forms of this activity, in relation to the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms.The authors indicate that human rights activities as an object of numerous researches about their methods, mechanisms, subjects and forms have passed, on the authors opinion, their rocky way from the natural human rights acknowledgement and search for the mechanisms of the affirmation and guarantee thereof, to the human rights activities as a special constitutional legal activity, from static procedural characteristics to dynamic processual features. At the same time, human rights activities get powerful development simultaneously with the emergence of constitutionalism and the practice of normalizing human rights and freedoms in the constitutions.We shall indicate that human rights and freedoms and affirmation, exercise and protection of them absolutely deservedly have become one of the key subjects of constitutional law-making and law-enforcement practice in 21st century. Thus, national protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is regarded as legislative and law-enforcement practice in the field of human rights which reflects specific historical and cultural traditions and the level of socio-economic development of the country.We can conclude that human rights protection ­constitutes a necessary integral and inevitable component of the legal sphere, the focus of its development and one of the forms of the essence of law expression.The effectiveness of such protection is due to the constructiveness of the interaction of the entire set of elements of the legal mechanism for the implementation of human rights protection in Ukraine.Today, the main objective of human rights activities in Ukraine is protection and restoration of human rights and freedoms established and guaranteed by the Constitution, creation of the proper conditions ensuring human life and health protection, respect of human honor and dignity, inviolability and security by national and local authorities and their officers and by non-governmental organizations and business. At the same time, human rights activities, despite their purposeful nature, should prevent the violation of the principle of equality of constitutional rights and freedoms ; В статье подробно раскрывается сущность и содержание конституционных основ правозащитной деятельности в Украине, исследуются основные субъекты методы и формы деятельности, по защите основных прав и свобод человека.Отмечается, что правозащитная деятельность как объект многочисленных исследований методы, механизмы, формы и ее субъектов прошла, по нашему мнению, сложный путь от признания за человеком его естественных прав и поиска механизмов их утверждения и обеспечения - к правозащитной деятельности как специального вида конституционно-правовой деятельности, от статически процедурных к динамично-процессуальных свойств. При этом правозащитная деятельность получает свой мощное развитие одновременно со становлением конституционализма и практикой нормирования прав и свобод человека в конституциях. Отметим, что права и свободы человека, их утверждения, реализация и защита вполне заслуженно стали одним из ключевых предметов конституционной правотворческой и правоприменительной практики в 21 веке. Так, защита прав и свобод человека и гражданина государством понимается как законодательная и правоприменительная практика в области прав человека, которая отражает специфические историко-культурные традиции и уровень социально-экономического развития страны.Можно констатировать, что защита прав человека - это необходимый, неотъемлемый и неизбежный компонент правовой сферы, ориентир ее развития и одна из форм выражения сущности права. Эффективность такой защиты обусловлена конструктивностью взаимодействия всей совокупности элементов правового механизма осуществления правозащитной деятельности Украины.На сегодня основной целью правозащитной деятельности в Украине защиты и обновления утвержденных и гарантированных Основным Законом прав и свобод человека, а также создание органами государственной власти и органами местного самоуправления, их должностными лицами, институтами гражданского общества и бизнесом условий для обеспечения жизни и здоровья человека, его чести и достоинства, неприкосновенности и безопасности. Вместе с тем, правозащитная деятельность, несмотря на свой целенаправленный характер, имеет предупреждать нарушения принципа равенства конституционных прав и свобод человека ; У статті детально розкривається сутність і зміст конституційних основ правозахисної діяльності в Україні, досліджуються основні суб'єкти методи і форми діяльності, щодо захисту основоположних прав і свобод людини.Зазначається, що правозахисна діяльність як об'єкт численних досліджень про методи, механізми, форми та її суб'єктів пройшла, на нашу думку, складний шлях від визнання за людиною її природних прав та пошуку механізмів їх утвердження та гарантування – до правозахисної діяльності як спеціального виду конституційно-правової діяльності, від статично-процедурних до динамічно-процесуальних властивостей. При цьому правозахисна діяльність отримує свій потужний розвиток одночасно зі становленням конституціоналізму та практикою унормування прав і свобод людини в конституціях.Відзначимо, що права і свободи людини, їх утвердження, реалізація та захист цілком заслужено стали одним із ключових предметів конституційної правотворчої та правозастосовної практики в 21 столітті. Так, захист прав і свобод людини та громадянина державою розуміється як законодавча і правозастосовна практика в галузі прав людини, яка відображає специфічні історико-культурні традиції та рівень соціально-економічного розвитку країни.Можна констатувати, що захист прав людини – це необхідний, невід'ємний і неминучий компонент правової сфери, орієнтир її розвитку та одна із форм вираження сутності права. Ефективність такого захисту обумовлена конструктивністю взаємодії всієї сукупності елементів правового механізму здійснення правозахисної діяльності України.На сьогодні основною метою правозахисної діяльності в Україні захисту та поновлення утверджених і гарантованих Основним Законом прав і свобод людини, а також створення органами державної влади та органами місцевого самоврядування, їх посадовими особами, інститутами громадянського суспільства та бізнесом належних умов для забезпечення життя і здоров'я людини, її честі та гідності, недоторканості та безпеки. Разом з тим, правозахисна діяльність, незважаючи на свій цілеспрямований характер, має упереджувати порушення принципу рівності конституційних прав і свобод людини

The main aim of the article is the conceptualization of the categorical apparatus of biopolitics. The focus is on biocentrism as one of the main categories of modern biopolitical discourse. It is stated that biopolitics today offers a variety of research directions and a specific categorical apparatus, while fluctuations in the interpretations of the main terms and categories should be noted. The main terms are considered: «biopolitics», «political man», biopower and biocentrism. The definition of the above terms in the biopolitics is systematized and proposed author's definitions. «Homo Politicus» as a phenomenon was a complicated and problematic subject of scientific conceptualization. Proposed particulars of the biopolitical view on «Homo Politicus»: «Homo Politicus» is genetically related with another biological species and this definitely has influence to his behaviour in social and political sphere. For instance, any human being as any social primates has genetic inclination to adaptation, domination, subjugation. In case with «Homo Sapiens» this has a form of genetic and social adaptation, political domination and subjugation. The inclination to the domination from one side to the subjugation to another side is genetically «imprinted» in to the nature of the «Homo Politicus». However it is important to be mentioned that nevertheless the «Homo Sapiens» shares inclination of social primates for hierarchical social organization, at the same time he developed capabilities which are unique in animal world, such as: language, culture and morale. Thus, ideas and values created by the human being commenced changing of his behavior in social and political sphere. Author's definitions: «Political man» as an individual with innate properties of the brain and the psyche that affects his social and political behavior can be adjusted in the process of socialization and education and change in accordance with the challenges of the twenty-first century. Biopolitics as a new evolutionary paradigm of contemporary political science that explores the «political man» as a biological species with an emphasis on psycho-physiological mechanisms of political behavior and their influence on the political process. Biopower as a new model of power relations, enshrined at the legislative level, designed to protect life in all its forms and manifestations. Biocentrism is aimed at protecting life in all spheres, understanding that a person is only part of the overall biodiversity, and therefore has no right to destroy the biosphere guided by economic benefits. ; Основной целью исследования является концептуализация категориального аппарата биополитики. Основное внимание уделено биоцентризму как одной из основных категорий современного биополитического дискурса. Констатировано, что биополитика сегодня предлагает различные направления исследований и специфический категориальный аппарат, при этом следует отметить колебания в интерпретациях основных терминов и категорий. В качестве основных терминов рассмотрены: «биополитика», «человек политический», биовласть и биоцентризм. Систематизированы имеющиеся в биополитике определения вышеуказанных терминов и предложены авторские определения. Так биополитика рассматривается как новая эволюционная парадигма современной политической науки, которая исследует «человека политического» как биологический вид с акцентом на психофизиологические механизмы политического поведения и их влияние на политический процесс. При этом следует помнить, что «Homo Politicus» - это социальный примат, продукт биологически эволюционного развития, имеет генетическую предрасположенность к биологической адаптации, социальной иерархии, политическому доминированию и подчинению; «Человека политического» отличает самосознание, культура и мораль, способные доминировать над генетическими наклонностями; природа человека является одновременно и рациональной, и иррациональной; на поведение «человека политического» влияют процессы, происходящие в человеческом мозге; развитие технологий, нейрофизиологии и генетики способные изменить «лицо» и сущность «человека политического». Итак, «человек политический» определен как индивид с врожденными свойствами мозга и психики, которые влияют на его социальное и политическое поведение и могут корректироваться в процессе социализации и воспитания и меняться в соответствии с вызовами XXI века. Биовласть рассматривается как новая модель властных отношений, закрепленных на законодательном уровне, призвана защищать жизнь во всех ее формах и проявлениях. И, наконец, биоцентризм имеет целью защиту жизни во всех его формах и проявлениях, на всех уровнях - от внутригосударственного к международному; понимание того, что человек является всего лишь частью общего биоразнообразия, а следовательно не имеет права уничтожать биосферу, руководствуясь экономической выгодой. ; Основною метою дослідження є концептуалізація категоріального апарату біополітики. Основна увага приділена біоцентризму як одній із основних категорій сучасного біополітичного дискурсу. Констатовано, що біополітика сьогодні пропонує різноманітні напрями досліджень і специфічний категоріальний апарат, при цьому слід відзначити коливання в інтерпретаціях основних термінів і категорій. В якості основних термінів розглянуто: «біополітику», «людину політичну», біовладу та біоцентризм. Систематизовано наявні в біополітиці визначення вищезазначених термінів та запропоновано авторські визначення. Так біополітика розглядається як нова еволюційна парадигма сучасної політичної науки, що досліджує «людину політичну» як біологічний вид з акцентом на психофізіологічних механізмах політичної поведінки та їх впливом на політичний процес. При цьому варто пам'ятати, що «Homo Politicus» – це соціальний примат, продукт біологічно-еволюційного розвитку, що має генетичну схильність до біологічної адаптації, соціальної ієрархії, політичного домінування і підкорення; «людину політичну» відрізняє самосвідомість, культура та мораль, що здатні домінувати над генетичними схильностями; природа людини є одночасно й раціональною, й ірраціональною; на поведінку «людини політичної» впливають процеси, що відбуваються у людському мозку; розвиток технологій, нейрофізіології та генетики здатні змінити «обличчя» і сутність «людини політичної». Отже, «людину політичну» визначено як індивіда з вродженими властивостями мозку і психіки, які впливають на його соціальну та політичну поведінку, можуть корегуватись в процесі соціалізації та виховання і змінюватись відповідно до викликів ХХІ ст. Біовлада розглядається як нова модель владних відносин, закріплених на законодавчому рівні, що покликана захищати життя у всіх його формах і проявах. І, нарешті, біоцентризм має на меті захист життя у всіх його формах і проявах, на всіх рівнях – від внутрішньодержавного до міжнародного; розуміння того, що людина є всього лиш частиною загального біорізноманіття, а отже не має права знищувати біосферу, керуючись економічною вигодою.

For the passed half a century active development of biotechnologies changed the relation of the person to natural resources, in particular to flora and fauna. The modern methods of molecular biology made 'simulated evolutionary jump', having pushed aside traditional methods of selection and natural selection on a background. Nevertheless, so precipitant distribution of the alive changed organisms (ACO) within the planet as uniform ecosystem, forced the international community to develop the uniform mechanism of legal regulation in the new sphere of economic activity.Difficult legal and biological nature of genetically modified organism have been served as a ground for their regulation as an object not alone international public law, but civil law of Ukraine. Definition and status of genetically modified organisms were defined in a number of the international protocols. Ratification by Ukraine the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety will entitle the implementation of the civil liability for damage caused to biological diversity in the civil law. Analyzing realization of international protocols in a domestic law of the Ukraine, tacking in account existential risks, researches in area of genetically modified organisms, let in risks for human health, it is noted that that activity in a production, processing, treatment, transfer, use, storage, transboundary transfer of genetically modified organisms and their parts belong to the ultra-hazardous source. In the article are noticed the measures of reacting and civil liability of persons, who operate with them.As the Cartagena Protocol is applied to transboundary transfer, transit, processing and use of all ACO/GMO, capable to make an adverse effect on preservation and steady use of biological diversity, also taking into account the risk for health of the person (Art. 4), a subject of liability by the rules of Art. 1187 of Civil Code of Ukraine is the owner of object with which activity creates the ultra-hazardous. This statement concerns also the subjects utilizing GMO in Ukraine.For the solution of a question of involvement of this or that person to liability on the Art. 1187 of Civil Code of Ukraine it is necessary to define two main signs: legal and material (actual). The legal sign means that the owner only that person who owns object with which activity creates the ultra-hazardous, on the corresponding legal ground: an ownership right, other proprietary interest, the lease contract (including – a longtime consession of land), contract of agency, contract of work and labour, etc. The material sign of the owner of the ultra-hazardous source means that the person has to carry out actual possession (operation, use, storage, maintenance) of the dangerous objects.It is remarkable that activity with ACO/GMO is not especially a prerogative of the state; the natural or legal entity which is carrying out such activity is under its jurisdiction (the Art. 3.d. of the Cartagena Protocol). There is open a question in the Ukrainian legislation on insurance of civil liability of these persons. This mechanism of compensation is worked already out by the largest corporations which are carrying out activity in this sphere. However, in case of insufficiency of insurance payment (insurance compensation) for a full recovery of the harm done to them, the legal or natural person is obliged to pay to party injured a difference between the actual extent of harm and insurance payment (insurance compensation) (Art. 1194 of Civil Code of Ukraine), however, if do not prove that harm was done owing to force majeure (item 5 of Art. 1187 of Civil Code of Ukraine).In view of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, the Vienna Convention on the Right of International Treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Nagoya-Kyala- Lumpur Supplementary protocol on liability and redress to Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine 'About Сonsumer Protection', and also scientific information on existential risks and researches in the field of ACO/GMO and the fact that activities for production, processing, processing, transfer, use, storage, transboundary transfer of ACO/GMO and their parts / components belonging to activity, connected with the objects of the ultra-hazardous the author considers that this activity demands the special status and has to be regulated, including also the Law of Ukraine 'About the Ultra-hazardous Objects'. ; Статья посвящена проблеме гражданско-правовой ответственности за наненесение ущерба биологическому разнообразию.Анализируя имплементацию международных протоколов во внутригосударственное право Украины, принимая во внимание экзистенциальные риски, исследования в области генетически модифицированных организмов, в том числе риски для здоровья человека, отмечается, что деятельность по производству, переработке, обработке, передаче, использованию, хранению, трансграничному перемещению генетически модифицированных организмов и их частей/компонентов относится к источникам повышенной опасности. В статье обозначены меры реагирования и гражданско-правовая ответственность лиц, осуществляющих данную деятельность. ; Складна правова і біологічна природа генетично модифікованих організмів стала підставою для регулювання їх в якості об'єктів не лише міжнародного публічного права, а й цивільного права України. Визначення й статус генетично модифікованих організмів закріплені низкою міжнародних протоколів. Ратифікація Україною Картагенського протоколу з біобезпеки стане підставою того, що в цивільне право буде введена цивільно-правова відповідальність за завдання шкоди біологічному розмаїттю. Аналізуючи імплементацію міжнародних протоколів у внутрішньодержавне право України, беручи до уваги екзистенціальні ризики, дослідження в галузі генетично модифікованих організмів, в тому числі ризики для здоров'я людини, зазначається, що діяльність з виробництва, перероблення, оброблення, передачі, використання, зберігання генетично модифікованих організмів та їх часток/компонентів належить до джерел підвищеної небезпеки. У статті визначені заходи реагування та цивільно-правова відповідальність осіб, які здійснюють цю діяльність.

U članku »The 'Bubbling Up' of Subterranean Politics in Europe«, objavljenom 2013. u časopisu Journal of Civil Society, Mary Kaldor i Sabine Selchow pokušale su otkriti specifične značajke pobuna koje su se javila nakon 2010. godine u europskim zemljama poput Njemačke, Španjolske, Italije, Engleske itd. Prema autoricama, način organiziranja koji čini glavno tijelo ovih emancipatornih pokreta preuzima svoju osnovnu logiku iz svijeta Interneta. Analogija s Internetom zahtijeva ponovnu evaluaciju negativnih komentara o tehnici iz filozofske perspektive. Martin Heidegger i Herbert Marcuse najutjecajniji su filozofi 20. stoljeća koji su se bavili negativnim aspektima tehnike. Heidegger je prikazao destruktivne učinke znanstvene racionalnosti i tehnike na zapadnu kulturu kroz kritiku tradicionalne zapadne metafizike na fenomenološ- ko-ontološkoj razini, dok je Marcuse, kao predstavnik zapadnoga marksizma, oblikovao svoju kritiku tehnike u kontekstu pojma instrumentalne racionalnosti te kritike razvijenog industrijskog društva i kapitalizma. Iako su polazišne točke njihovih pogleda na tehniku, kao i osnovne svrhe kritike tehnike, različite, može se reći da obojica imaju poprilično negativno i gotovo u potpunosti pesimističko shvaćanje tehnologije. U tom će se kontekstu razmotriti Heideggerova i Marcuseova kritika tehnike kao i razlike i sličnosti između tih dvaju pristupa. Zaključno će rad naglasiti mogućnost pozitivne uloge tehnike, koja može služiti kao alternativa negativnoj perspektivi osvjetljavajući odnos između nedavnih pobuna i interneta. ; In the paper "The 'Bubbling Up' of Subterranean Politics in Europe", which was published in 2013 in the Journal of Civil Society, mary Kaldor and Sabine Selchow attempted to reveal the specific qualities of the uprisings which emerged after the year 2010 in some European countries, such as Germany, Spain, Italy, England etc. According to the authors, the mode of organization which forms the main body of these emancipatory movements obtains its basic logic from the world of the Internet. The use of the Internet requires a re-evaluation of negative philosophical commentary regarding technology. In the context of the twentieth century philosophy, martin Heidegger and Herbert marcuse are the most influential philosophers who studied on the negative aspects of technology. Heidegger portrayed the destructive effects of scientific reasoning and technology on the Western culture through the criticism of the traditional Western metaphysics on a phenomenological-ontological level. marcuse, belonging to the tradition of Western marxism, formed his critique of technology in the context of the concept of instrumental rationality and the critique of advanced industrial society and capitalism. Although the starting points of their perspectives on technology and the underlying purposes of their critiques of technology were different, it may be asserted that both have a rather negative and almost entirely pessimistic disposition towards technology. Heidegger's and marcuse's criticisms of technology will be discussed in this context and the differences and similarities between these criticisms will be shown. Finally, the paper will emphasise the question of the possibility of a positive role of technology. Technology can serve as an alternative to negative uses by shedding light on the relation between the current uprisings and the Internet. ; Dans l'article « The "Bubbling Up" of Suberranean Politics in Europe » publié en 2013 dans Journal of Civil Society, mary Kaldor et Sabine Selchow tentent de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques spécifiques des révoltes qui ont fait jour après 2010 dans certains pays européens – Allemagne, Espagne, Italie, Angleterre, etc. Selon nos auteures, le mode d'organisation qui a formé le corps essentiel de ces mouvements émancipatoires tire sa logique de base du monde de l'internet. Cette analogie avec l'internet requiert une réévaluation, à partir d'un point de vue philosophique, des commentaires négatifs sur la technologie. martin Heidegger et Herbert marcuse sont les philosophes les plus influents ayant travaillé sur les aspects négatifs de la technologie au sein de la philosophie du XXe siècle. Heidegger a dépeint les effets destructeurs de la raison scientifique et de la technologie de notre culture occidentale à travers son criticisme de la métaphysique traditionnelle occidentale à un niveau phénoménologico-ontologique, tandis que marcuse, membre du « communisme occidentale », a formé une critique de la technologie au sein du concept de rationalité instrumentale et une critique de la société industrielle avancée et du capitalisme. Bien que le point de départ de leur perspective sur la technologie et que le but sous-jacent de leur critique diffèrent, il est possible d'affirmer que leur point commun est d'avoir posé un regard négatif et presque entièrement pessimiste sur la technologie. À cet égard, le criticisme d'Heidegger et de marcuse vont être abordés afin d'en soulever les diffé- rences et les similarités. Enfin, cet article mettra l'accent sur la possibilité d'un rôle positif de la technologie qui pourrait servir d'alternative aux perspectives négatives en faisant la lumière sur le lien entre les révoltes actuelles et l'internet. ; In dem Artikel "The 'Bubbling Up' of Subterranean Politics in Europe", veröffentlicht im Jahre 2013 im Journal of Civil Society, versuchten mary Kaldor und Sabine Selchow die spezifischen Qualitäten der Aufstände zum Ausdruck zu bringen, die nach 2010 in den europäischen Ländern ausbrachen – Deutschland, Spanien, Italien, England usw. Nach Ansicht der Autoren erhält der modus der Organisation, der den Hauptkörper dieser emanzipatorischen Bewegungen bildet, seine grundlegende Logik aus der Welt des Internets. Die Analogie mit dem Internet erfordert eine Neubewertung der negativen Kommentare über die Technologie aus philosophischer Perspektive. martin Heidegger und Herbert marcuse sind die einflussreichsten Philosophen, die sich mit den negativen Aspekten der Technologie in der Philosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts befasst haben. Heidegger schilderte die zerstörerischen Auswirkungen der wissenschaftlichen Vernunft und Technologie auf die westliche Kultur durch die Kritik an der traditionellen abendländischen metaphysik auf der phänomenologisch-ontologischen Ebene, während marcuse, ein mitglied des westlichen marxismus, seine Kritik an der Technologie im Rahmen des Konzepts der instrumentellen Rationalität und der Kritik der fortgeschrittenen Industriegesellschaft und Kapitalismus geformt hat. Obgleich die Ansatzpunkte ihrer Perspektiven über die Technologie und die zugrunde liegenden Zwecke ihrer Kritik an der Technologie unterschiedlich waren, kann behauptet werden, dass beide eine eher negative und fast völlig pessimistische Einstellung zur Technologie hatten. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Heideggers und marcuses Kritiken an der Technologie diskutiert sowie Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den beiden Kritiken aufgezeigt. Abschließend unterstreicht das Paper die Frage nach der möglichkeit einer positiven Rolle für die Technologie, die als Alternative zur negativen Perspektive dienen kann, indem sie Licht in das Verhältnis zwischen aktuellen Aufständen und Internet bringt.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF CREATION AND FUNCTIONING FAMILY FARMSV. Y. URKEVYCH, Doctor of Law Sciences, ProfessorYaroslav Mudryi National Law UniversityIntroduction. Among the subjects of the agrarian law - agricultural commodity prevailing in the number occupied by farmers, as of April 1, 2016 According to State Statistics Service of Ukraine registered in the number of 43,897 households. Despite the fact that the Law of Ukraine "On the farm" dated 19 June 2003 r., Number 973-IV is in force more than 10-years old, the legal basis of operation of such facilities are not perfect. In particular, it concerns such a variety of these farms as family farms, rules on the functioning of which were a part of the agrarian law only pursuant to the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the farm" and to stimulate the creation of family farms" dated March 31, 2016 r., number 1067-VIII (hereinafter - the Law).Analysis of recent researches and publications. Previously conducted research related to various legal aspects of the farms in Ukraine, but all of them were made before the adoption of the aforementioned Law of Ukraine, and hence did not affect the functioning of family farms in Ukraine.Purpose. The purpose of this article - scientific analysis of stories agrarian law on the establishment and operation of family farms in Ukraine and to identify gaps in the legal regulation of corresponding social relations.Metods. In the study of the issues raised will be used formal-legal method of scientific knowledge by which content is set regulatory requirements of the law and provided their interpretation.Results. The law, which came into force on May 1, 2016 (the day following its publication in the newspaper "Voice of Ukraine" dated 30 April 2016 r. Number 80) was introduced a number of amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the farm" relating not only family and other farms.The law changed the very concept of "farm" is enshrined in Part. 1, Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine "On the farm". Now the farm is defined as a form of entrepreneurial activity of citizens who wish to produce marketable agricultural products, to its processing and sale for profit on land granted them ownership and (or) use, including rent, for doing farm farming, commercial farming, personal farm, according to law.Of fundamental importance is the new edition of the first sentence ch. 4. 1 of the Law of Ukraine "On the farm", introduced the proposed law. According to her, "farm subject to state registration as a legal entity or an individual - entrepreneur. Farming registered as a legal entity, acting on the basis of the Charter. " In fact, given the new regulatory requirements introduced an agrarian law - farms without legal status, which did not exist before that time.In addition, Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine "On the farm" added the new Law ch. 5, which actually fixed the signs of family farms. Thus, it is determined that a farm registered as a legal entity, has the status of family farms, provided that his business use of members of the management, which are exclusively members of one family under Art. 3 Family Code of Ukraine; Farming without legal personality is organized on the basis of an individual - entrepreneur and has the status of family farms, if the use of members of the management, which is entirely individual - entrepreneur and his family members under Art. 3 Family Code of Ukraine. It can be concluded that the defining feature of family farms is the use in their activities of members of the management, which are exclusively members of one family.Features of creation and family farms without acquiring legal personality assigned new century. 8-1 of the Law of Ukraine "On the farm" which was included in it by law.Examining the kind of farming is organized by an individual - entrepreneur alone or together with members of his family under the treaty establishing the family farm. This contract is one of the family members in writing and be notarized. Terms of the contract on creation of family farms determine: a) the name, location (address) sector, purpose and types of activity; b) the decision-making and collaboration members of management; c) the legal regime of the common property of the members of management; d) order of distribution costs and results (profits or losses) of the economy among its members; e) the procedure for entry into the economy and out of it; e) labor relations management members, other provisions that do not contradict existing legislation. Also in this contract should be determined head family farms without legal person (family member, registered as an individual - entrepreneur).Discussion. The above allows conclude that from May 1, 2016 among the subjects of a new agrarian law - family farms. These farms to other farms distinguish the following features: (a) use in their activities of members of the management, which are only members of the same family; (B) their head can only be relevant member of the family, and family farms without legal status - only family member is registered as an individual - entrepreneur and definite agreement on the establishment of the economy. Despite the efforts of legislators to improve the regulation of farms, the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the farm" to stimulate the creation and activities of family farms" from March 31 2016 allowed a significant number of inaccuracies listed above and need its correction, because they negatively affect the practice of the establishment and operation of family farms.The prospect of further scientific studies in the area affected problems can be use of the results of future studies, and other characteristics of the legal aspects of the farms in Ukraine.

The article is devoted to researching of the book, which wittily called "Nomenclature Kamasutra: office romancein Brezhnev period". This is the memories, written by S.D.Bezclubenko – the former minister of culture in Soviet Ukraine.S.B.Rudenko analyzed views of Bezclubenko on such qualities of politicians in Soviet Union as the professionalism, their intellectual level, moral values. Under review were also struggle for power between partocrats, patterns of development career of bosses of nomenclatura, features of these processes in Ukraine. Rudenko compares the research results S.D.Bezklubenko and other researchers nomenclatura: M.S.Voslenski and M.Đilas. For all, who interesting in soviet political culture.Scientific study of political culture of the Soviet era is of practical importance because modern Ukrainian politicscarries a lot of genetic traits that time. Research interest primarily is political culture of USSR rulers – nomenclatura.There are insufficient number of lack of papers devoted to this topic. The system of government in the Soviet Union was a very closed. That is why an important role among sources of research plays memoirs of representatives ofnomenclatura. One of these sources of research is "Nomenclature Kamasutra." written by Bezclubenko.The central concept of the study is the "nomenclature". The author of "Nomenclature Kamasutra." gives the following definition of this term: selection of personnel for executive positions among party bosses, what based oncompiling a list of the names of certain positions and names of people who were considered as candidates for their filling.Each party organ had a level of "nomenclature", which in turn also divided into "main nomenclature" (the nomenclature of the party organ, which took the decision to appoint) and "accounting and control nomenclature" (the nomenclature of the higher party organ, who has consented to the appointment).Based on the concept of M.Đilas, developed in the works M.S.Voslenski [3], the nomenclature is the ruling classin the countries of "real socialism", which in essence was industrial and corporative feudalism (non state capitalism).Nomenclature is not the same bureaucracy. This is a social class such as medieval nobility. It penetrated all spheres of public life and delegates powers exclusively own representatives. The nomenclature as social class can not be equated with almost 18 million members of the Communist Party in the early 80's of the twentieth century.Dramaturgy memoir built around the opposition between Bezclubenko, the head of the ministry of Culture of Soviet Ukraine, and his curator from Central committee of Communist party of Ukraine Kapto. This conflict displaysarsenal of methods of political struggle, characterizing nomenclature environment. Kapto was a zealous defender ofpolitical culture of the nomenclature. Bezklubenko many decisions was taken at its sole discretion (within the powers of minister), without coordination with his immediate boss party Kapto, in violation of unshakable hierarchy of soviet power.Note the following realities of the political culture of the Soviet rulers. Because personnel decisions are the prerogative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, in the apparatus of the Ministry of Culture were introduced people who worked against the minister and performed the orders of Kapto. Important role in the struggle between the Minister and partocrat played the Soviet secret police – the KGB. Herewith relations with the KGB used as one, and the other party to the conflict.Bezklubenko with undisguised contempt belonged to his boss Kapto. In his opinion Kapto was uncultured, ignorant and not clever person. At the same time, among soviet "nobility" considered the norm to zealous attitude to theguidance, despite its moral, intellectual and professional qualities, always shew him respect. Bezklubenko thought that business skills are fundamental to the effective management. But for political culture of the nomenclature most important quality was loyalty to their social class. The permanent struggle for power was the essence of its existence.Minister Bezklubenko had very strong position at the highest level of the Communist Party of Ukraine. This isevidenced by the inclusion of the Minister to the honorary electoral nomenclature – Central Committee and Parliament of Ukraine. Political friends of Bezklubenko were, in particular, Prodan and Vrublevski assistants of the first Secretary Shcherbytsky , second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine Sokolov. Loyal to the minister was, credibly, Shcherbytsky. Perhaps, the first Secretary was impressed professionalism and fought of rebellious Bezclubenko. But, conflict between veiws on the political culture of Bezklubenko, and version of political culture of the nomenclature as social class , was obvious. Therefore, when Vrublevsky had lost confidence in the Minister of Culture, discrepancy political culture of nomenclature was the reason for dismissal from the post of Bezklubenko.Тhе book of Bezclubenko "Nomenclature Kamasutra. Office Romance in Brezhnev period " is a valuable sourcefor the study of political culture in Soviet Ukraine in 60-80 years of XX century. Despite the fact that the author notconsidering the nomenclature as class, however, clearly reveals specificity of political management of soviet chiefs.Using specific examples, he shows the parasitic nature of nomenclature, disdain of professionalism in their environment of professionalism, trampling of rule of Law, mimicry of democracy, obsession own career interests, communication like in the mafia among the nomenclature bosses. ; Исследование номенклатуры как советского правящего класса имеет практическое значение, так как современная власть в бывших советских республиках имеет выраженный номенклатурный субстрат. Освещена теневая сторона политической культуры советских партийных боссов сквозь призму мемуаров С.Д. Безклубенко. В соответствии с результатами исследования раскрыта паразитическая сущность номенклатуры, выявлены её скрытые корпоративные черты, в частности приоритет карьеризма и подхалимства над профессионализмом, пренебрежение законами, профанация демократии, мафиозный характер коммуникаций в среде партийных бонз. ; Стаття присвячена мемуарам колишнього міністра культури УРСР С.Д. Безклубенка, в яких, зокрема, йдеться про політичну культуру радянської номенклатури. Здійснено аналіз поглядів автора на професійні, інтелектуальні, моральні якості радянських політиків, особливості перебігу боротьби між ними за владу, закономірності розвитку номенклатурної кар'єри. Для всіх, хто цікавиться історією політичної культури в Україні.

The purpose of the article to follow the historic stages of the rapprochement between Chinese-east and uropean-west music area in last century, till the diffusion of the cultural stimulus in creative activity Tan Dun and other epresentatives of the Orient in European cultural space.The declared subject is determined by sum of the postavant-garde cultural wave of modernity where the ntegrative factors "Orient-West" occupy the significant place. In music world Tan Dun, chinese gеnius in european cоmpоser system of self-expression symbolizes deep diffusion of corresponding to cultural quality.The value of the chinese influence on French was displayed by C. Debussi. R. Retie states that C. Debussi's harmonic harmony is illusory, but the reality of the harmony constructions emerges mеlоdious tonality, linked his style with the Orient. Debussi, with delight said about to "rococo" painting, and used it in his composition "Chinese rоndеl" one of that this sort gallant (in initial meaning – kind, exquisite polite and good-hearted) art. This approach in analysis of the semantic esthetics become clear when "ethnological fine", which easy to reach by dint of quotation half tone melody, obvious and comprehensible all sign of the Orient. The composer didn't use this instance.M. Voloshin in his essay put the "exotic" of romantic of the romantics an against the symbolists. It is well known that in Russian music culture the ideas of symbolism art original were refracted in creative activity of the national Russian music leader of the modernist style A.Skrjabin and S. Rachmaninov.Beside A. Skrjabin's aesthetic principles of symbolism and style particularities sounded diversionary and declarative, pointing on the theosophical installation and on indian sources, Buddististical forming and its connection with Chinese religious world. In S. Rachmaninov's compositions that symbolism style factors are given in the complex joining of artistic inclines. In A. Skrjabin melodies the ideas of the cosmic gigantism found specific russian mаximalism in faithfulness of the Ideal Rachmaninov intended to national folklore tradition. At same time in Rachmaninov's compositions we can see the obvious installation on symbolism and estheticism in vocal lyric poet. The Role of the russian music in shaping the modernist style as a whole global has defined G. Eimert, which pointed out the russian root of the world avent-garde, generalised position chapters Köhln schools of K. Stockhausen comparatively the one of the Skrjabin base searching for "world theatre" in avаnt-garde tendencies in the second part of the XX century.The transformation from symbolism-expressionism modernism of A. Skrjabin to "new business ability" type "Gebrauchtmusik" german school 1920 years became the expressionism-primitiveness manifestations of the type "Miraculous tangerine" of B. Bartók (1919). This composition is exceedingly original, has carried out "chinese stamp" in european music. It was an pеntаtоnic of the Tangerine as semantic join her with pеntаtоnic style oldeuropean mеlоdiсs, in Hungarian variant united with Asiatic origins, which have been given the European nation.The theatre of B. Brecht is determined in adjectives such as "epic" theatre, its epic principle has generated his deep knowledge of music. The music part of such show is subordinated by popular-cultural type of the expression, where the structure of songs-hits includes the scenic actions in timeless. In this context music of Brecht's performances can be compared with the cian of Chinese opera moreover, in variant ciuj-pe, "provincialism", which nature forms their deep value.But the main expressive acceptance, which has invented the theatre of Brecht and Peking opera was the agitation-sharp manner of scansion in pronouncing of the text. It is enough to match the fragments an readings from Czincziuj's shows with alive authentic record (not all theatres capable to do it, but only Moscow Theatre level on Taganka with participation V. Vysockij 1970 years!) of the shows Brecht to make sure these phenomena in deep sense resemblance.The one line of the Czincziuj's influences is a ballet of R. Glier "Red flower". It is well known that this show got significant success in 1927 in Soviet Russia (Moscow, Big theatre), but then it was subsequently postponed on the secondary scenes of the country. Glier's ballet did not take categorically the individual psychology traditional music thinking, in revenge after "new youth" blast 1920 years. His ballet consisted of duet of Soviet Captain and Tai Hoa, dancers, the main to heroines on motive of the Internationale such as joining of ideological music sign and intimaty of larval relations did not comply with the classics of the ballet european theatre by the most categorical image.The new stage is an interaction with Chinese theatre, where the culture of the ballet naturally has grown up from dance-acrobatic "military" shows of Beijing operas Jingju. The Opera of J. Adams "Nixon in China" has opened the way of Chinese art in the popular cultural area and became the triumph in 2000 years of the production kuncuy in USA then the process was marked amicable agreement popularity Tan Dun as the genius of American music and the megaphone of Chinese cultural music in system of European music. ; В статье автор прослеживает исторические этапы сближения китайского (восточного) и европейского (западного) музыкальных ареалов на протяжении ХХ столетия, вплоть до диффузии культурных стимулов в творчестве Тан Дуна и других представителей Востока в европейском культурном пространстве. Это определено итоговостью поставангардной культурной волны современности, в которой интегративные показатели "Восток-Запад" занимают значительное место. ; У статті автор прослідковує історичні етапи зближення китайського (східного) і європейського (західного)музичних ареалів протягом ХХ століття, аж до дифузії культурних стимулів у творчості Тан Дуна та інших представників Сходу в європейському культурному просторі. Це визначено підсумковістю поставангардної культурноїх вилі сучасності, в якій інтегративні показники "Схід-Захід" займають значне місце.

Climate change is one of the biggest public health threats in the 21th century. An increase in temperatures will lead to an increase in mortality attributable to temperature. In addition, some populations and territories are particularly vulnerable to the impact of increases in heat. It is thus necessary to identify these populations and territories as well as examine future heat-Related health impacts in order to recommend equity-Oriented policies today and in the future. The general objective of this thesis is to document current and future heat-Related vulnerability factors in the context of climate change. In order to address this general objective, the thesis involved four components: a) to conduct a systematic review and a meta-Analysis to assess the heterogeneity in the heat-Mortality associations with respect to individual and contextual population characteristics; b) to identify whether and how the magnitude of mean temperature effects on all-Cause mortality were modified by chronic air pollution exposure, social deprivation, and a combination of these two dimensions; c) to develop a method to quantify the climate change impacts on heat-Related mortality using climate modeling; d) to assess historical and future social disparities in years of life lost caused by ambient temperature in Montreal and Paris, and compare these estimates as well as the impact of climate change on social disparities between the two cities. This thesis highlights which populations are more vulnerable to heat and shows that several differences exist with regard to guidelines from international public health institutions for the identification of vulnerable populations. This thesis also identified chronic air pollution exposure as a new vulnerability factor in heat-Related mortality and that it has a double interaction with social deprivation. Furthermore, in this thesis a novel method to quantify future heat-Related mortality was developed which emphasized the strong evidence of an increase in heat-Related mortality under climate change. This method was then applied to estimate the increase in daily years of life lost social disparities in both Montreal and Paris under climate change which showed that this increase would be greater in Montreal compared to Paris in the future. Thus, this thesis which used a variety of epidemiologic methods has clarified which populations are particularly vulnerable to heat impacts and challenges guidelines for the identification of vulnerable populations from international public health institutions. It has also highlighted the climate change impacts on health inequalities and aims to reorient equity-Focused policies. ; Les changements climatiques constituent l'un des enjeux les plus importants en santé publique du XXIème siècle. En effet, une hausse des températures provoquera une hausse de la mortalité attribuable à la chaleur. En outre, certaines populations et territoires sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets de la chaleur. Il est donc nécessaire de les identifier clairement ainsi que les impacts futurs pour orienter avec équité les politiques publiques aujourd'hui et à l'avenir. L'objectif de cette thèse est de documenter les facteurs de vulnérabilité à la chaleur dans le présent et les éléments permettant leur prise en compte pour l'avenir dans le contexte des changements climatiques. Quatre étapes ont été menées pour répondre à cet objectif : a) Mener une revue systématique et une méta-Analyse des facteurs de vulnérabilité face aux risques de mortalité en lien avec la chaleur ; b) Analyser si l'exposition chronique à la pollution atmosphérique modifie la relation entre la chaleur et la mortalité dans un contexte urbain (Paris) et explorer la double interaction avec la défaveur sociale ; c) Développer une méthode de quantification des impacts liés à la chaleur en lien avec les changements climatiques en intégrant une grande diversité de simulations climatiques ; d) Estimer les inégalités d'années de vies perdues attribuables à la chaleur et leurs projections futures dans deux contextes distincts (Montréal et Paris) et comparer ces inégalités. Cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence sur la base de la littérature épidémiologique les groupes de population qui sont les plus vulnérables face aux effets de la chaleur et de montrer qu'il y a plusieurs divergences par rapport aux recommandations émises par les institutions de santé publique vis-À-Vis de l'identification de populations vulnérables. Cette thèse a permis également d'identifier l'exposition chronique à la pollution atmosphérique comme nouveau facteur de vulnérabilité à la chaleur et que cette vulnérabilité était encore plus prononcée lorsqu'il s'agissait de populations défavorisées socialement. Puis, une méthode permettant de quantifier l'impact des changements climatiques sur les décès attribuables à la chaleur et ses sources d'incertitudes a été développée, et a permis de mettre en évidence que la probabilité que les changements climatiques conduisent à une augmentation de la mortalité en lien avec la chaleur est très forte. Cette méthode a ensuite été utilisée pour estimer que l'augmentation de la température conduira à une augmentation des inégalités sociales d'années de vie perdues à la fois à Montréal et à Paris, l'effet des changements climatiques sur l'accroissement de ces inégalités étant plus fort à Montréal qu'à Paris. Cette thèse, en se basant sur diverses méthodes épidémiologiques, a permis dans l'ensemble de clarifier quelles populations étaient particulièrement à risque face aux effets de la chaleur et de questionner les recommandations émises par les organismes tels que l'OMS. Elle a également permis de montrer l'effet des changements climatiques sur l'évolution de vulnérabilités face à la chaleur pour inciter dès aujourd'hui la mise en place de politiques publiques équitables et limiter l'impact des changements climatiques sur l'accroissement des inégalités de santé.

AbstractScales of Sovereignty: the Search for Watershed Democracy in the Klamath BasinbyDaniel Reid Sarna-WojcickiDoctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor David Winickoff, ChairThis dissertation examines the politics of knowledge in collaborative watershed governance institutions of the Klamath River Basin of Northern California and Southern Oregon. The waters of the Klamath are shared between farmers, fisherfolk, indigenous communities, hydro-electric facilities and one of the most biologically diverse eco-regions in the United States. Since 1986, the watershed has provided the primary spatial unit for resolving resource conflict by coordinating agency and citizen science, guiding integrated resource management and cultivating a shared sense of place and belonging among Klamath watershed inhabitants. For nearly three decades, the Klamath Basin has served as a laboratory for experiments in "watershed democracy"- a form of hydrologically-grounded political association that attempts to facilitate the direct participation of all watershed inhabitants in knowledge production, deliberation and collective action at the watershed scale. Through the idiom of watershed democracy, I connect empirical research on the outcomes of nearly three decades of community-based natural resource management in the Klamath with theoretical debates waged over the last century and a half regarding the question of scale in environmental science, democratic governance and natural resource management.In this dissertation, I analyze the watershed as a scale of knowledge production, a site of democratic deliberation and a unit of environmental governance. I investigate whether the watershed is the most appropriate socio- spatial unit for representing people and place in the Klamath, paying particular attention to the impact of collaborative watershed governance arenas on the ability of Karuk Tribal members to participate in knowledge-production and decision- making for natural resource management in their ancestral territory in northern California.Through participatory research with the Karuk Tribe's Department of Natural Resources, participant observation, document analysis and interviews withFederal, State, Tribal and local agency scientists and representatives, I follow knowledge and policy-making processes across a diverse range of institutions engaged in Klamath watershed governance. Combining participatory research and participant observation with theoretical insights from political ecology, science and technology studies (STS) and indigenous studies scholarship, I evaluate the processes and outcomes of collaborative watershed-based governance according to its impacts on local watershed ecosystems and communities. Drawing on the theoretical framework of "co-production", I analyze the mutually constitutive relations between watershed science, watershed governance institutions, the materialities of Klamath watershed-ecosystems and the distributions of resource benefits and burdens in Klamath communities. I follow Klamath experiments in watershed democracy negotiate the basic terms of political life such as property, territory, sovereignty and the public good, as well as the material conditions and flows of watershed resources and the patterns of access to, ownership in and distribution of these resources.While the Klamath experiements in collaborative environmental governance at the watershed scale have opened up oppportunities for Karuk representatives to participate in knowledge production and decision-making, the watershed scale has itself constrained the focus of integrated resource management, limiting the kinds of knowledge that can pattern as reliable and the types of restoration and management projects that can issue from Klamath collaborative governance forums. I demonstrate how Karuk representatives have both leveraged and critiqued the watershed as a way of conceptualizing Klamath watershed-ecological processes and as a socio-spatial unit for approaching ecological restoration and cultural revitalization in their ancestral territory. Watershed science and watershed governance forums were sometimes leveraged by Karuk representatives to substantiate Karuk sovereignty and resource rights and at times rejected for not being able to convey distinct Karuk epistemologies, ontologies and cosmologies. I demonstrate how collaborative watershed management forums have struggled to render different types of indigenous, local and scientific knowledge commensurable and have instead provoked debates about how to produce knowledge about nature in ways that are appropriate for the local community and its ecosystems.I draw attention to the cultural politics of scale to critique watershed-centric management and search for alternative ways of representing the multiple scales through which Klamath inhabitants understand and value nature. I compare watershed-based governance with two other emerging scales of democratic resource governance- firesheds and foodsheds- in their abilities to bring together diverse forms of environmental knowledge around multiple nested scales of social and ecological processes. Firesheds are emerging areas of community-based fire management patterned according to the way fire burns across the western Klamath landscape. Foodsheds are another emerging form of community-based resource governance taking shape in the Klamath around the spatial and temporal characteristics of food resources and their associated management practices in forest ecosystems. Comparing watersheds, firesheds and foodsheds opens up the question of scale in collaborative environmental governance by highlighting tensions among different ways of producing knowledge, managing resources and acting collectively at different bioregional scales in the Klamath.Against watershed-centric approaches to ecological democracy, I argue for deliberative multi-scalar approaches to implementing collaborative environmental governance, cultural revitalization and watershed-ecosystem restoration in the Klamath. Multi-scalar perspectives can accommodate multiple ways of making knowledge while avoiding homogenizing diverse situated perspectives into a single way of seeing Klamath eco-cultural landscapes. I argue for "democratizing scale" in order to define an appropriate scalar framework for producing knowledge, representing human values and making decisions about the management of natural resources. Collaborative environmental governance requires an accompanying democratization of scale to accommodate the myriad ways of knowing nature and making a living in Klamath watershed-ecosystems. Scalar formations that are produced through deliberative democratic processes can provide more inclusive grounds than watersheds for democratic environmental governance and multispecies world-making.

This article outlines the philosophical and educational paradigm of new approaches in the process of self­identity at school period, the prospects for transformation of educational content as a means of self­identity of the student. It describes the components of the school education content: informational and active (with cognitive, value, technological, developmental components), communicative and reflexive. Changes of the paradigmatic framework of schooling are going on in the context of the content and quality of education improvement concept. The concept of secondary education is determined by the following components: «learning as a process», «participants of learning process», «learning time», «institution» and «educational technologies». Conceptual center of school is a person. Means of students' personal potential realization determine the future of human development in the twentieth century. The following should be fulfilled: content focusing on educational results, which are formed as key competences; introducing in the disciplinary approach and program optimization in different subjects and coursebooks, practical usage of the content and its optimization; using assessing technologies which are true to life. Philosophy of education and practical pedagogy have identified the main strategic goal of humanizing the sphere of education. In her center of attention is the personality of the student, his personality, the formation of potential opportunities for self-expression and self-development, creative thinking. School education is a synthesis of learning and individual cognitive activity, education and self-education, development and self-development, maturing and socialization of students, preparing them for an adult and independent life. Metaphorically, education is perceived by our society as a process of creating an image of a person in an individual. All these processes are inseparable, which is why in the post-classical philosophical and educational paradigm education is considered as a multilevel space in which specific educational and educational processes take place, creating conditions for self-development of the individual. Thus, education is a multi-level structure in which society first of all creates conditions for self-development and self-realization of the individual, and the actual education and upbringing in a general educational institution serves only as an instrument for achieving this socially significant goal. Today, the society's need for successful socialization of schoolchildren is felt very acutely. Further integration of educational factors is planned: school, family, micro-and macro-society. The profound socio-economic and political changes create conditions for changes in all spheres of education, the content of the work of educational institutions, the technology of school education and the updating of methodological pedagogical tools. All modernization processes and innovations that are taking place in educational institutions increase the relevance of education and training problems, which, accordingly, enhances the vector of educational work on the basis of the ideas of humane pedagogy, the awakening of their own activity of students, the disclosure of personal potentials. The rather intensive attention to the problem of self-realization is related to the understanding of its decisive role in the development of the personality, the orientation of the modern school on the differentiation and the stability of learning, which in turn determines the need to create conditions that will allow the student to uncover and realize the internal potential. In this context, an active search for the most effective management models should take place: content content of the educational process in accordance with the society's demand for a clear, consistent and understandable structure of education in a general education school, enhancing the openness of school education for understanding and appropriate assessment of parents and society as the main customers educational service. The society defined the special role of the teacher at all levels of the educational activity of the individual in relation to the formation of the real content and quality of knowledge, skills and abilities. The level of self-actualization of students to effective and effective acquisition of knowledge and skills at the level of time requirements depends on his pedagogical actions and participation in this process of the parents' community, the student's staff. ; У статті розглядається філософсько­освітня парадигма пошуку нових підходів у процесі самореалізації особистості в шкільний період, перспективи трансформації змісту освіти як засобу самореалізації особистості школяра. Дається характеристика компонентів змісту шкільної освіти: інформаційно­діяльнісного (із пізнавальною, ціннісною, технологічною, розвивальною), комунікативною та рефлексивною складовими). Зміни парадигмальних засад шкільної освіти проходять у контексті концепту розвитку змісту та якості освіти, їх удосконалення. Концепт середньої освіти визначають по наступних складових: «навчання як процес», «учасник навчального процесу», «час навчання», «навчальний заклад» та «навчальні технології». Концептуальним центром шкільної освіти є людина. Засоби реалізації особистісного потенціалу школяра визначають у перспективі сталий розвиток людства у ХХІ столітті. Потрібно реалізовувати: фокусування змісту на навчальних результатах, виписаних у форматі ключових компетентностей; запровадження міжпредметного підходу та оптимізація змісту програм з предметів, навчальних підручників; практичне застосування змісту та його оптимізація; застосування оцінних технологій, що наближені до життєвих ситуацій. ; У статті розглядається філософсько­освітня парадигма пошуку нових підходів у процесі самореалізації особистості в шкільний період, перспективи трансформації змісту освіти як засобу самореалізації особистості школяра. Дається характеристика компонентів змісту шкільної освіти: інформаційно­діяльнісного (із пізнавальною, ціннісною, технологічною, розвивальною), комунікативною та рефлексивною складовими). Зміни парадигмальних засад шкільної освіти проходять у контексті концепту розвитку змісту та якості освіти, їх удосконалення. Концепт середньої освіти визначають по наступних складових: «навчання як процес», «учасник навчального процесу», «час навчання», «навчальний заклад» та «навчальні технології». Концептуальним центром шкільної освіти є людина. Засоби реалізації особистісного потенціалу школяра визначають у перспективі сталий розвиток людства у ХХІ столітті. Потрібно реалізовувати: фокусування змісту на навчальних результатах, виписаних у форматі ключових компетентностей; запровадження міжпредметного підходу та оптимізація змісту програм з предметів, навчальних підручників; практичне застосування змісту та його оптимізація; застосування оцінних технологій, що наближені до життєвих ситуацій.