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There has been a growing interest on regional issue over the last decade stimulated by increasing policy about reducing regional inequalities resulted from economic integration. In the last decade the free trade affected the post-communist countries, and predominantly among them those, which had a maturated level of stability, economical development and their geopolitical situation is favoured. Hungary is a considerable area to study the pattern of "new economic geography". In paper we identify, explain and forecast the impact of globalisation, on regional and small unit /local level. The key question for the future development of the world economy is how will the economy choose its new place? Are regional inequalities likely to narrow or widen? And how the EU enlargement likely to lead to the relocation of industries? The regional indicators are verifying on NUTS level III. the regional concentration and describe the shifted new regional structure. The aim of the project to check the regularities and irregularities of the variables in an accession country. The relevant findings will be discussed concerning the policy. The questions to be addressed, which changes may be identified due to the trade reorientation towards the EU? Which new location an relocation of industrial activity may be identified? What types of regions are likely to be winners and losers who regulate the regulators? About the adaptation process we will draft some policy orientation for decision makers.

Uzbekistan's transition from planning to market started almost thirty years ago following its independence from the Soviet Union. For most of this period, economic modernization and transformation were stalled, with little change in institutions and policies from those prevailing at the time of the planned economy. In late 2016, Uzbekistan surprised by launching reforms with a breadth and speed that at times exceeded the pace of those observed in some of the earlier reformers at a similar stage of the process. In November 2018, building on the results from more than a year of economic reforms, the government announced the agenda for the next phase of its bold and ambitious economic transformation. In terms of the pace of transition, Uzbekistan's record has been mixed but appropriate, given that reforms are dependent on experience with markets and prices, initial conditions, and institutional strength. Before the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic started, the reform momentum was supported by comfortable external and fiscal buffers and a robust global economy. The buffers are still sizable, even with doubling of public debt since 2017, and a sign of strength but the pull from the global economy has been substantially diminished. The rest of the introduction reviews progress in the key areas of economic transformation.

This paper empirically analyzes the development of corporate governance in the case of Uzbekistan as a transition country. Specifically, the reforms implemented for over two decades for strengthening and improvement of national corporate governance system, the measures undertaken by the government for improvement of corporate relations in the joint-stock companies, the stages of progressing corporate governance, the current problems of corporate governance are studied as well as the author's views and thoughts on the development process of corporate governance in the country are stated in this paper. This empirical paper also shows the specific approach for reforming the corporate governance system in the country, and presents evidence suggesting an impact of Uzbekistan's corporate governance developments on the domestic stock market performance. At the end of paper, the author makes conclusion and brings some suggestions to further develop the corporate governance in Uzbekistan. ; This paper empirically analyzes the development of corporate governance in the case of Uzbekistan as a transition country. Specifically, the reforms implemented for over two decades for strengthening and improvement of national corporate governance system, the measures undertaken by the government for improvement of corporate relations in the joint-stock companies, the stages of progressing corporate governance, the current problems of corporate governance are studied as well as the author's views and thoughts on the development process of corporate governance in the country are stated in this paper. This empirical paper also shows the specific approach for reforming the corporate governance system in the country, and presents evidence suggesting an impact of Uzbekistan's corporate governance developments on the domestic stock market performance. At the end of paper, the author makes conclusion and brings some suggestions to further develop the corporate governance in Uzbekistan.

In many aspects, Albania as a transition country has several weaknesses when compared to its neighbor countries. Even though the collapse of the communist regime was reached at almost the same time with other Balkan countries, Albania still remains outside the European Union and has to face an immature government and problematic progress in several areas. Corruption is one of the most problematic issues in Albania. This research paper is based on the data collected by IDRA Research & Consulting and in the course of empirical analysis. It studies the relation between corruption and the microeconomic factors, categorized as demographic and socio-economic factors. In other words, this study aims to examine why some individuals are more willing to accept corruption than other. Based on prominent previous studies in this field, which were discussed to a relatively limited degree, this paper aims to build an empirical model for Albania that helps to explain why some individuals are more tolerant with regard to corruption. As previous studies have shown, such factors as gender, the area of living, region, experience or wrong conception are expected to be listed among the indicators that determine perception of corruption. This study takes into account the findings of literature review when setting up the regression. The results argue that factors such as the area of living, political orientation, the level of trust in institutions, personal experience with corruption, and the right conception of corruption are important factors determining the level of corruption perception.

Legitimacy in foreign markets, a concept rooted in institutional theory, has traditionally been examined for firms originating from advanced economies. However, it becomes more complex for firms from emerging and post-transition economies. Polish firms began establishing foreign subsidiaries after the accession to the EU, primarily in European markets. In this context, Germany was a key destination for Polish foreign direct investment (FDI). However, scholarly literature about foreign subsidiaries established or acquired by Polish firms is limited. This article presents the analysis of the legitimation strategies employed by post-transition country firms in advanced economies, using Polish subsidiaries in Germany as empirical cases. The empirical context is chosen due to its economic significance and the close linkages between Poland and Germany. With a conceptual framework, the authors synthesise legitimation strategies discussed in scholar literature and highlight some unique challenges for post-transition economy's firms. The article presents outcomes from a qualitative study, extending the framework and offering some fresh perspectives in the field of international business legitimacy.

Water governance refers to the manner in which water resources are allocated and regulated. It includes both the delivery of water services to society and the management of water as a natural resource. These activities generally involve a wide variety of mutually dependent actors at various levels and scales, each having their own perspectives and objectives, instruments and strategies, and responsibilities and resources. Effective water governance requires that there is a meaningful connection between these elements, i.e. coherence or connective capacity. This contribution concentrates on how connective capacity changes over time as a result of changing circumstances. For this, we use our experiences from Romania, a post-communistic country that became member of the European Union in 2007. Our analysis concentrates on major policy interventions in two sectors: the regionalization of the water services sector and the implementation of a strategy in the flood risk management sector. In both cases, the governance structures that emerged after communism were lacking coherence and negatively affected the status and use of water resources. The resulting problem pressures and Romania's EU accession formed the major triggers to change the existing governance structures. Particularly relevant for improving the connective capacity was: (1) the establishment of new structures for cooperation; (2) redefinition of roles and responsibilities; and (3) capacity building. We expect that these changes will contribute to improved water services and reduction of flood risks. However, it is still too early to observe the actual contributions of these changes to improved delivery of water services and/or improved water resources management.

The political and economic transition posed a complex, tremendous challenge in Hungary in the beginning of the 1990s. Not only macroeconomic stabilisation was required, but fundamental organisational and institutional changes were also needed to transform the country into a stable, middle-income economy, capable of catching up with the more advanced ones in the longer run. Having completed the first round of transition, Hungary has again reached a cross-roads. While the oneparty system has been replaced with a multi-party parliamentary democracy and the planned economy with a market economy based on private ownership, the world has significantly changed during this historically short period of time. Hungary now has to consider what role to play in the globalising learning economy, i.e. what future it envisions for herself. To be more specific, does the country passively accept the fate of a mere surviving economy, drifting without having its own strategy? Or, by implementing a clear strategy, does Hungary intend to be prosperous country, where in 15-20 years most citizens will enjoy high living standards, good health and a clean environment? The paper argues that a sound, coherent innovation policy is one of the cornerstones of an overall development strategy, required if a country is to excel. Yet, in spite of a number of efforts/ trials in the 1990s, no such policy document was approved in Hungary. The article first provides a brief overview of the transition process, emphasising the simultaneous need for systemic (institutional) changes and macroeconomic stabilisation in order to improve (micro)economic performance. Its core section analyses recent changes in the S&T decision- making system, various efforts to draft S&T and innovation policy documents, as well as the inputs and outputs of R&D and innovation. It concludes that the lack of an explicit innovation policy may hinder longterm development as such a policy is required to signal the main policy directions and commitments of the government, to strengthen the national inovation system – thus anchor FDI – and to align all public and private efforts, resources for development.

This article discusses Hungarian innovation policy within the analytical framework of an evolutionary economics of innovation. A crucial policy implication of this school is that public policies should be aimed at promoting learning in its widest possible sense, & hence, fostering networking & cooperation. The article first provides a brief overview of the transition process, emphasizing the simultaneous need for systemic (institutional) changes & macroeconomic stabilization in order to improve (micro-)economic performance. Further, the author analyzes recent changes in the science & technology (S&T) decision-making system, various efforts to draft S&T & innovation policy documents, as well as the inputs & outputs of R&D (research & development) & innovation. The study concludes that the present implicit innovation policy may hinder long-term development. An explicit policy is required to signal the main policy directions & commitments of the government, to strengthen the national innovation system, & to align public & private efforts for sustained improvement. 11 Tables, 50 References. Adapted from the source document.