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1 sheet ([1] p.) ; Signed and dated at end: Tho. Scot. [i.e. Sir Roger L'Estrange] March 16. 1659. ; Imprint from Wing. ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.

I review the classic skeptical challenges of Foole in Leviathan and the Lydian Shepherd in Republic against the prudential rationality of justice. Attempts to meet these challenges contribute to the reconciliation project (Kavka in Hobbesian moral and political theory, 1986) that tries to establish that morality is compatible with rational prudence. I present a new Invisible Foole challenge against the prudential rationality of justice. Like the Lydian Shepherd, the Invisible Foole can violate justice offensively (Kavka, Hobbesian moral and political theory, 1986; Law and Philosophy, 14:5–34, 1995) without harming his reputation for justice. And like the Foole, the Invisible Foole dismisses the possibility that being just preserves goods intrinsic to justice, and will be just only if he fears that others will punish his injustice by withholding the external goods like labor and material goods that he would otherwise receive for their performance in covenants. I argue that given a plausible folk-theorem interpretation, Hobbes' response to the Foole's challenge is inconclusive, and depends crucially upon common knowledge assumptions that may or may not obtain in actual societies. I present two analogous folk-theorem arguments in response to the Invisible Foole's challenge, one using the idea that the Invisible Foole's power of concealment might be transitory, and the other using the idea that members of society might stop performing in covenants with anyone, thus punishing the Invisible Foole indirectly, if the Invisible Foole commits sufficiently many injustices.

AbstractIn this brief essay written for an AEA 2012 presentation, Saville Kushner summarizes poetically how his experiences learning to evaluate as a young Jew in a Christian community in England have influenced his approach to formal evaluation throughout his life. See the interview document here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ev.20310/suppinfo. Read only. This should not be used in any form without explicit permission from the author.

Society needs to protect not only the right to artistic expression, but also the artist's work, regardless of aesthetic value, says Jude Kelly