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The citizenship of marriage migrants in South Korea has been discussed in terms of their roles as mothers in the context of Korea's aging population and care crisis. However, as marriage migrants increasingly participate in the labor market, their individual rights as workers, and more specifically as working mothers, bring attention to the question of women's citizenship in South Korea. Care provision is a key issue in the discussion on working mothers' citizenship. This article focuses on global householding as a process of supporting the participation of marriage migrants in paid work. It highlights the role of the natal family of marriage migrants, especially their parents, as sources of care support to marriage migrants as well as recipients of care. The family visits of the parents of marriage migrants show how parents participate in the internationalization of social reproduction. This article contributes to understanding the household and family as a unit of analysis in the discussion of social reproduction and citizenship in East Asia. It also raises the issue of the embedded gender division of labor in the process of global householding.

L'article explore la façon dont la migration des femmes recoupe le travail rémunéré ou non-rémunéré des femmes, ce qui ne peut être séparé de l'organisation de la force de travail et du travail reproductif au sein d'institutions sociales comme le marché du travail ou la famille. La question se pose d'autant plus que des types de migration différents, en termes d'échelle et de but poursuivi, interviennent dans le parcours de vie des femmes migrantes : il peut ainsi s'agir initialement d'une migration rurale-urbaine, puis d'une migration internationale liée d'abord au mariage puis au travail. En examinant, sur la base de deux recherches de terrain menées en 2007-2008 et 2011-2012, le parcours de vie de migrantes vietnamiennes mariées en Corée du Sud, l'article montre la manière dont ces choix migratoires sont liés au contexte du développement économique national du Vietnam, des changements socio-démographiques post-industriels en Corée du Sud et des inquiétudes grandissantes sur la reproduction sociale dans les pays d'Asie de l'Est. Ce travail contribue ainsi aux débats sur la relation entre développement, reproduction sociale et migration genrée.

The feminisation of international migration for care labour has gained prominence in the last three decades. It has been theorised mainly in the context of the changing care regime in the Global North; the changes in other parts of the world have been largely neglected. This article explores the dynamics between changing care regimes, labour markets and international migration in the East Asian context through the case of Korean Chinese migrants to South Korea. Korean Chinese came to South Korea through various legal channels beginning in the late 1980s and occupy the largest share of both male and female migrants in South Korea. Korean Chinese women have engaged in service sector jobs, including domestic work and caregiving, since their influx, yet such work was only legalised during the 2000s in response to demographic changes and the care deficit. This article sheds light on the female Korean Chinese migrants' engagement in care work in the ambiguous legal space of migration and the care labour market, and their changing roles in the process of development of the care labour market. Based on interviews with Korean Chinese migrants in South Korea, immigration statistics, and the Foreign Employment Survey in 2013, this study explores how the care regime intersects with migration in the process of the care regimes development.

Manure-sourced methane emissions from livestock operations in California will soon be subject to new regulation, as required by Senate Bill 1383, which was signed into law in 2016. Regulations, beginning in 2024, will require reductions in methane emissions from livestock manure, with a 40% reduction target by 2030. The California dairy industry accounts for most of the manure-sourced methane emissions in the state and, in order to reduce these emissions, government experts and authorities have encouraged expansion of anaerobic digestion of dairy waste — especially to produce transportation fuel. Renewable natural gas for vehicle fuel, produced from manure at digesters, is eligible for substantial federal and California environmental credits, which are now projected to contribute the bulk of the revenue for qualifying digesters. This article shows that investments in digesters, because they depend heavily on revenue created by government policy, rather than on market-based sales of natural gas, are highly vulnerable to the risk of policy change or even minor technical adjustments in environmental regulations. Without secure projections of revenue that will cover costs, regulations may cause increases in the shift of milk production out of California.

The United States and South Korea negotiated a bilateral trade agreement in 2007. After final legislative approval, likely later this year, high tariffs on exports of most California agricultural products to South Korea will be gradually eliminated. Already, with the tariffs in place, South Korea ranks among the top six destinations for many California agricultural exports. More-open access to the South Korean market will create significant opportunities for major commodities produced in California such as almonds and dairy products.

International marriage migration, while not an entirely new phenomenon, became numerically important in parts of Asia in the early 2000s. This research examines some of the reasons for the rise in marital unions between Vietnamese women and South Korean men. Using census data, we assess the extent to which partner shortages existed for men in South Korea and for women in Vietnam at the onset of the rise in marriage migration. We then use survey data to identify some of the characteristics of those who have entered international unions. While we identify a substantial marriage squeeze on certain subgroups of Korean men at the time marriage migration was expanding, the same is not true for women in Vietnam, at least at the national level. To help explain what has motivated some women in Vietnam to enter into international marriages, we turn to data from in-depth interviews. We also discuss the roles played by international marriage brokerage agencies and migrant networks in the process. Our analysis suggests that the growth in the international marriage market between South Korea and Vietnam has been spurred by several drivers: (1) demographic, as seen in the marriage squeeze on rural men in Korea, (2) cultural, in terms of the continuing importance of marital hypergamy in both contexts, (3) economic, as an important motivator of Vietnamese marriage migrants, (4) institutional (with the ongoing but perhaps declining importance of marriage brokers), and (5) the growing role of interpersonal networks.

The Great King Sejong initiated an active agricultural research and development (R&D) policy in Korea about 570 years ago. Famous for many scholarly and scientific achievements, including the creation of the Korean phonetic alphabet, he founded a national scholarly institute, known as the "Hall of Worthies," encouraging the most talented scholars in the country to conduct a variety of research activities (Eckert et al. 1990). Sejong's focus was on efforts to improve the welfare of the common people, including the promotion of agriculture to secure an adequate food supply. One part of his agricultural R&D effort was to transfer relatively advanced agricultural techniques used in the southern provinces to the north, where farmers were still using Chinese techniques that were not well suited to Korean conditions. King Sejong sent out officials from Seoul to study advanced agricultural technology and prepared a manual, "Straight Talk on Farming," designed to help advisers and farmers suit their agricultural practices to the agronomic and climatic conditions on the peninsula. Based on survey data, the king reported that the average farming household in the province around Seoul could produce "several times" more using better farming methods. Recognizing the importance of climate to farmers, the crown prince invented a rain gauge, which ranks among the major technological achievements of the period. Every village in the country was required to report rainfall and the amount of rain absorbed into the soil (Eckert et al. 1990). Despite this impressive start, for many reasons, Korean agricultural R&D, Korean agricultural progress, and the Korean economy all languished for much of the next 500 years. ; PR ; IFPRI1; Pro-poor science and technology policies; Public Policy and Investment ; ISNAR