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A basic requirement of statehood is a territorial base. The secession of a regionally focused minority within an existing state will necessarily require territorial separation. But to what territory is a seceding people entitled for a new state? This is not an easy question to answer, for until territorial secession occurs, the territory in question is part of the existing state. A case study of Canada & Quebec is presented, with reference to the historical growth of the Canadian & the Quebec provincial territorial limits, to claims by Quebecois separatists & the federal counterperspective, & to proposals for territorial restructuring if Quebecois ever want to negotiate secession from Canada. 5 Figures. Adapted from the source document.

The identities of large groups of people often are not really coincident with politically bounded territories in the international system of states. International law has developed to the point whereby priority of recognition is given to total populations of states and their governments rather than to sub-state groups. Self-determination is acceptable for the total population in a colonial territory—external self-determination-but self-determination may be granted only once for that territory or any of its parts. Such limitations as laid out in international law are not acceptable to many sub-state groups as they push for self-determination, up to and including secession. The latter process causes disruptions in the international system of states, yet there are alternatives to such drastic change. Increasingly, internal self-determination is being called for, and this can be achieved in a number of ways. Part of the challenge to international law as currently delineated is that increasingly, there is a call for a return to a people-over-territory emphasis instead of the current primacy of territory over people. This article reviews how self-determination came to be understood in international law and then identifies the emerging challenges that could force a reformulation of international law.

AbstractThis article provides engineering educators with a comprehensive overview of engineering leadership assessment and evaluation for undergraduate engineering students to help instigate positive change for the future of the field.

Discussions about science and engineering postdoctoral researchers focus almost exclusively on academic postdocs and their chances of eventually securing tenure-track faculty positions. Further, biological sciences dominate policy research and published advice for new PhDs regarding postdoctoral employment. Our analysis uses the Survey of Earned Doctorates and Survey of Doctorate Recipients to understand employment implications for physical sciences and engineering (PSE) and life sciences (LS) graduates who took postdoctoral positions in government, industry, and academic sectors. We examine postdoc duration, reasons for staying in a postdoc, movement between sectors, and salary implications. There is considerable movement between employment sectors within the first six years post-PhD. Additionally, postdocs in PSE are shorter, better paid, and more often in nonacademic sectors than postdocs in LS. These results can help science and engineering faculty discuss a broader range of career pathways with doctoral students and help new PhDs make better informed early career decisions. ; Published version