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There is a global movement towards more budgetary transparency, in both developed and developing countries, as this lies at the heart of responsible governance. Since the promulgation of the Regulation on Open Government Information in China in 2008, China has witnessed an external demand and internal push for more budgetary transparency. Using annual survey data collected between 2009 and 2012, we found that budgetary transparency at the Chinese provincial government level, although showing slight improvement over this period, was still very low, and there was significant volatility in the amount of information disclosed by individual provinces from year to year. These findings are mostly due to a contradiction between the central government's stated desire for more transparency and deep‐rooted institutional and legal barriers against transparency. Recommendations are made as to how transparency can be further improved in China and other parts of the world.

A region of ecological importance which generates uncompensated cross-territorial positive spillovers has a comparatively higher fiscal need due to the direct and indirect costs it incurs for nature conservation. In order adequately to acknowledge fiscal needs relating to nature conservation, we propose an indicator based on protected area as a means of distributing general-purpose transfers and model the consequences of this for Indonesia's current system of fiscal transfer from the national to the provincial level. The results suggest that about a third of the country's provinces would benefit from the new transfer regime and that the equalizing effect of the transfers increases as the proportion of protected area increases. -- Ecological fiscal transfers ; intergovernmental fiscal transfer ; biodiversity conservation ; protected areas ; fiscal equalization ; Indonesia

The paper shows how fiscal policy changed in China since the break-up of people's communes in 1979 and the establishment of production contract responsibility for individual farmers, "the articulation of planning and market economy" from 1984 to 1989 and reforms in respect of wages and prices since 1992 and what kind of contradiction these policies brought about through an examination of the changing relationship between the central government and local authorities. (DÜI-Sen)

In order to maintain the 2°C climate change target, global carbon intensity of electricity generation needs to achieve a short-term target of 600 g/kWh by 2020. This target is important for China, which has been the largest consumer and producer of electricity since 2011. China has set ambitious targets to reduce its electricity carbon intensity in the 13th five-year plan. For a country as large as China, the outcomes of these policies rely on the implementation strategies and effectiveness of each province. In this study, we estimate the carbon intensities of power generation in China's provinces by 2020. Results show that despite progress in renewable energy growth most provinces are expected to have carbon intensities well above 600 g/kWh by 2020. Renewable energy sources can help reduce carbon intensities in most provinces, but the magnitude of such impacts depends on the coordination among provinces. The over-dependence on coal power generation has made carbon capture and storage a necessity for China's provinces to reduce their carbon intensity for power generation. Therefore, government support should be addressed sooner rather than later.

In order to maintain the 2°C climate change target, global carbon intensity of electricity generation needs to achieve a short-term target of 600 g/kWh by 2020. This target is important for China, which has been the largest consumer and producer of electricity since 2011. China has set ambitious targets to reduce its electricity carbon intensity in the 13th five-year plan. For a country as large as China, the outcomes of these policies rely on the implementation strategies and effectiveness of each province. In this study, we estimate the carbon intensities of power generation in China's provinces by 2020. Results show that despite progress in renewable energy growth most provinces are expected to have carbon intensities well above 600 g/kWh by 2020. Renewable energy sources can help reduce carbon intensities in most provinces, but the magnitude of such impacts depends on the coordination among provinces. The over-dependence on coal power generation has made carbon capture and storage a necessity for China's provinces to reduce their carbon intensity for power generation. Therefore, government support should be addressed sooner rather than later.