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El presente trabajo analiza la arquitectura parlamentaria de fines del siglo XIX como programa edilicio de historia reciente que inaugura formal y simbólicamente el espacio para albergar a los representantes del pueblo. A partir de la década del ochenta, como consecuencia del crecimiento, la consolidación política y la organización nacional, una serie de realizaciones edilicias comenzaron a plasmarse en el territorio. En ese lapso no sólo se construyó el edificio definitivo del Congreso de la Nación, sino que se erigió la mayoría de los parlamentos provinciales. Durante ese período se fundó una nueva concepción tipológica y programática derivada de la cultura académica. Se trata del edificio parlamentario decimonónico, cuyas características están marcadas por el uso de la tipología del teatro all'antica. El espacio institucional de la asamblea de ciudadanos que se reúnen en un recinto multitudinario se organiza así como símbolo de la igualdad entre público y representantes, propia de un régimen republicano. En ese contexto se ideó y construyó el Palacio Legislativo de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, materializado a partir de un concurso internacional de proyectos convocado en 1882 para la nueva ciudad de La Plata. En la trama urbana de esta ciudad, los poderes del Estado ya no se encuentran diseminados anónimamente, sino que se articulan con un orden preestablecido para la edilicia pública, transformando el damero heredado de las Leyes de Indias. La Legislatura es un ejemplo programático destacado del patrimonio cívico elaborado por el Estado. Los cambios tipológicos y de organización funcional reflejan, a la vez, el perfeccionamiento de la actividad política y la importancia que asumen los cuerpos legislativos en la sociedad de entonces. ; Trabajo desarrollado en el marco del Plan Rector de Intervenciones Edilicias en el Congreso de la Nación (PRIE). ; Trabajo publicado en Clarke, Guillermo Agustín (comp.). Decimoquinto Congreso de Historia de los Pueblos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires . La Plata: Asociación Amigos Archivo Histórico de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 2015. Edición digital multimedia en CD-ROM. ; Laboratorio de Investigación en Teoría y Práctica Arquitectónica ; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires

The city of Alicante required a general fortification project after the War of the Spanish Succession. It had proved a strategic enclave due to the importance for trade and logistics of its port, protected by an almost impregnable castle which was only breached after a six-month long siege. Here, the project drawn up by Jorge Próspero de Verboom in 1721 is analysed in the context of other contemporary projects. Similarities and differences in the techniques applied are discussed, highlighting his solution to prevent deposits flowing into the port from the San Blas gully, by opening a channel to the sea. In addition, the professional trajectory of the engineer is also analysed, from the lock and flood management systems he implemented in Flanders up to 1710, to his subsequent work in Spain, where he designed various fortification projects adapted to the terrain. Lastly, the hypothesis is presented that Verboom decided not to employ outworks in his Alicante project, in contrast to other fortifications he designed such as Pamplona, Fuenterrabía and San Sebastian.

The UK construction industry comprises a very high proportion of SMEs that is companies employing up to 250. A Department for Business, Innovation and Skills research paper, found that SMEs had a 71.2% share of work in the construction industry. Micro and small firms (i.e. those employing up to 50) had a share of 46.7% of work (Ive and Murray 2013). The Government has high ambitions for UK construction. Having been found by successive government commissioned studies to be inefficient and highly fragmented, ambitious targets have been set for the industry to achieve 33% reduction in costs and 50% faster delivery by 2025. As a significant construction client, the Government has mandated the use of Level 2 BIM from 2016 on publicly funded projects over £5 million. The adoption of BIM plays a key role in the 2025 vision but a lack of clarity persists in the industry over BIM and significant barriers are perceived to its implementation, particularly amongst SMEs. However, industry wide transformation will be challenging without serious consideration of the capabilities of this large majority. Many larger firms, having implemented Level 2 BIM are now working towards Level 3 BIM while many of the smaller firms in the industry have not even heard of BIM. It would seem that fears of a 'two tier' industry are perhaps being realised. This paper builds on an earlier one (Mellon & Kouider 2014) and investigates, through field work, the level of Level 2 BIM implementation amongst SMEs compared to a large organisation. Challenges and innovative solutions identified through collected data are fully discussed and compared. It is suggested that where the SME perceives barriers towards adoption of the technologies which underpin BIM, they may consider collaborative methods of working as an interim step in order to work towards realising the efficiencies and benefits that these methods can yield. While the barriers to adoption of BIM are significant, it is suggested that they are not insurmountable for the SME and some recommendations for possible solutions are made.

The subject of Construction of Structures I studies, from a constructive point of view and taking into account current legislation, reinforced concrete structures used in buildings, through the acquisition of knowledge and construction criteria required in the profession of a Technical Architect. The contents acquired in this course are essential for further professional development of technicians and are closely related to many of the subjects taught in the same or other courses of the Degree in Technical Architecture at the University of Alicante. The aim of this paper is to present, analyze and discuss the development of a new methodology proposed in the mentioned subject, as it supposed an important change in the traditional way of teaching Construction and Structures I. In order to incorporate new teaching tools in 2013-2014, the course has been implemented by using a Moodle software tool to promote blended learning with online exercises. Our Moodle community allows collaborative work within an open-source platform where teachers and students share a new and personalized learning environment. Students are easily used to the interface and the platform, value the constant connection with teachers or other fellows and completely agree with the possibility of making questions or share documents 24 hours a day. The proposed methodology consists of lectures and practical classes. In the lectures, the basics of each topic are discussed; class attendance, daily study and conducting scheduled exercises are indispensable. Practical classes allow to consolidate the knowledge gained in theory classes by solving professional exercises and actual construction problems related to structures, that shall be compulsorily delivered online. So, after the correction of the teacher and the subsequent feedback of students, practical exercises ensure lifelong learning of the student, who can download any kind of material at any time (constructive details, practical exercises and even corrected exams). Regarding the general evaluation system, goals achievement is assessed on an ongoing basis (65% of the final mark) along the course through written and graphic evidences in person and online, as well as a individual development of a workbook. In all cases, the acquisition of skills, the ability to synthesize, the capacity of logical and critical thinking are assessed. The other 35 % of the mark is evaluated by a complementary graphic exam. Participation in the computing platform is essential and the student is required to do and present, at least 90% of the practices proposed. Those who do not comply with the practices in each specific date could not be assessed continuously and may only choose the final exam. In conclusion, the subject of Construction of Structures I is essential in the development of the regulated profession of Technical Architect as they are considered, among other professional profiles, as specialists in construction of building structures. The use of a new communication platform and online teaching allows the acquisition of knowledge and constructive approaches in a continuous way, with a more direct and personal monitoring by the teacher that has been highly appreciated by almost 100% of the students. Ultimately, it is important to say that the use of Moodle in this subject is a very interesting tool, which was really well welcome by students in one of the densest and important subjects of the Degree of Technical Architecture.

En el análisis sobre la Comarca se ha intentado proyectar la idea de que estamos a presencia de una entidad local territorial con apoyatura constitucional que deberá ser tenida en cuenta en el futuro trazado territorial de las Comunidad Autónomas. A excepción de País Vasco, Navarra y las Comunidades de Baleares y Canarias, por sus singularidades, todas contemplan en sus respectivos Estatutos de Autonomía a la entidad local Comarca. Es verdad que, hasta ahora, sólo las Comunidades de Cataluña, Aragón y Cantabria, a través de sus Asambleas Legislativas, han procedido a aprobar sus respectivas leyes de comarcalización, pero no es menos cierto que otras Comunidades están elaborando iniciativas para llevarlas al Parlamento autonómico. Está llegando la hora de dar el salto hacia la estructuración organizativa comarcal. La "quaestio comarcal" hállase ya madura. ; This analysis of the "comarca" tries to show that we are in the presence of local territorial society with constitutional support that ought to be taken into account by any forthcoming division of the present Autonomies. With the only exception of the Basque Country, Navarra, the Canary and the Balearic islands, each of them having their own peculiarities, the rest of the Autonomous Communities have planned the division of their territories into "comarcas" in their respective Autonomic Statutes (the equivalent of the Spanish Constitution in each Autonomy). It is true that until now only Catalonia, Aragon and Cantabria have approved their respective laws of "comarcalization" through their own legislative assemblies. Other communities are now taking actions to get their own laws passed by the autonomic parliament. The time is coming for a new organisational structure that will take into consideration these so-called "comarcas".

La ciudad de Murcia se asienta sobre un enclave geográfico denominado Huerta de Murcia, que ha sufrido, en los últimos 50 años un proceso de transformación, en muchos casos no controlada y no ordenada, que ha desembocado en la composición de un espacio urbanísticamente muy complejo. Articulada por una parte como ciudad poli‐nuclear, con un núcleo central (la propia ciudad), y cerca de 60 núcleos periféricos (denominados pedanías). Por otra parte, el continuo agrario que soportaba esa estructura, dotado originariamente (desde tiempos islámicos del s.XII) de una extensa red de acequias de riego y caminos rurales, ha ido sufriendo un proceso de edificación espontánea, no ordenada, que ha derivado en la práctica desaparición (en algunos casos) del medio agrario, a favor de un territorio peri‐urbano, con escasa cualificación urbanística. Los estudios y bibliografía existentes han analizado dicho territorio, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, desde el aspecto puramente geográfico (análisis del territorio, análisis económicos, sociológicos y estadísticos). Esta comunicación pretende llenar el vacío que existe en cuanto a una investigación formal en el plano urbanístico de dicho territorio, enfocada a plantear unos objetivos de actuación a medio y corto plazo, para mejorar la gestión urbanística. El análisis de la evolución histórica de este territorio peri‐urbano, de los condicionantes legislativos que han permitido la evolución, y de la actual situación urbanística y numérica, nos lleva en esta comunicación a clasificar el territorio en varios tipos, respondiendo a diferentes morfologías urbanísticas (agrupaciones lineales, agrupaciones puntuales, diseminados mallados (densos y ligeros), y diseminados reticulares (densos y ligeros). La clasificación de dichas zonas, nos sirve de base para analizar la gestión de dichos territorios: gestión de los recursos naturales, de los servicios urbanísticos (suministros, equipamientos, zonas verdes, transportes…) y la propia gestión económica y sostenibilidad de cara al futuro. Finalmente, se propondrán, a modo de conclusiones, algunas vías de actuación conducentes a mejorar la gestión de dichos territorios, y a garantizar la sostenibilidad ambiental y económica de los mismos.

[EN] A large number of major historic stations have been replaced by banal buildings that justify their existence based on such concepts as utility, functionality or safety. However, material values such as spatial configuration, materiality, or immaterial values such as the spirit of the place or the memory of the work, are simply eliminated or devalued leaving the historic buildings at the mercy of all types of interventions without being a minimum unification of intervention criteria or applicable legislation. In the worst case, condemned to its gradual degradation without any type of citizen mobilization. The communication performs a comparative critical analysis between the historic stations and the new ones in order to determine what is actually happening with the heritage of the stations and how far there is between the declarations and the performances. Cases such as the Almería station or León are paradigmatic of the current trend dispensed to the railway stations. Not only are we losing architectural quality with the new constructions, but what is most devastating is that we are losing part of our recent memory as well as part of our public spaces. Disappointment silently consenting and collective disaffection may lead us to the sad conclusion that the historical stations, even if they are considered patrimonial and even if there is legal protection, are doomed to disappear or lose patrimonial consideration for speculation and mercantilism. ; [ES] Muchas de las principales estaciones históricas han sido reemplazadas por banales y asépticos edificios que justifican su exdistencia en conceptos tales como funcionalidad o seguridad. ; Martínez-Corral, A. (2018). Estudio arquitectónico comparativo entre estaciones históricas (1848-1929) y actuales españolas. Crónica de la silenciosa desaparición patrimonial. TsT. Transportes, servicios y telecomunicaciones. (36):76-107. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/121835 ; S ; 76 ; 107 ; 36

Among Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in particular, the UK Government's ambitions regarding BIM uptake and diffusion across the construction sector may be tempered by a realpolitik shaped in part by interactions between the industry, Higher Education (HE) and professional practice. That premise also has a global perspective. Building on the previous 2 papers, Architectural technology and the BIM Acronym 1 and 2, this third iteration is a synthesis of research and investigations carried out over a number of years directly related to the practical implementation of BIM and its impact upon BE SMEs. First challenges, risks and potential benefits for SMEs and micros in facing up to the necessity to engage with digital tools in a competitive and volatile marketplace are discussed including tailoring BIM to suit business models, and filtering out achievable BIM outcomes from generic and bespoke aspects of practice. Second the focus is on setting up and managing teams engaging with BIM scenarios, including the role of clients; addresses a range of paradigms including lonely BIM and collaborative working. The significance of taking a whole life view with BIM is investigated including embedding soft landings principles into project planning and realisation. Thirdly procedures for setting up and managing common data environments are identified and the value of achieving smooth information flow is addressed. The overall objective of this paper is to provide SMEs with a practical strategy to develop a toolkit to BIM implementation.

The military architecture is one of the most interesting constructive aspects of the 16th century in Alicante. During this period, the Berber pirates devastated the Mediterranean coasts. The defence of the territory was organized from the construction of watchtowers. The watchtowers mission was to alert the nearest workhouses to the continuous sieges. These towers were built next to the sea and had a military nature. In Alicante, in the rural area named as La Condomina, several fortified houses appeared scattered among the rural paths with their square or rectangular towers. They are known as Torres de la Huerta, and they had civil nature because these constructions were built next to hamlets and surrounded by walls that protected them. The enemy could be seen from the watchtowers on the coast; meanwhile those towers placed in the interior were used as refuge to the local inhabitants. A greater number of these last towers were built during the reign of Felipe II. This article focuses on the constructive aspects and original materials used in Rejas Tower, one of the most outstanding and best preserved towers in this territory. This building is an important exponent in the defensive architecture in Alicante during this period due to the construction techniques and original materials used.

El proceso de modernización de las fortificaciones militares de España, iniciado por Jorge Próspero Verboom en 1715, tuvo un capítulo relevante en la frontera hispano-francesa occidental. El ingeniero general llegó a Pamplona en 1725, y redactó un ambicioso proyecto general, basado principalmente en la disposición de tres fuertes exteriores en lugares estratégicos. Además potenció en Frente de Francia y el sistema defensivo de la ciudadela pentagonal de Felipe II. Este proyecto se ejecutó en su mayor parte a lo largo del siglo XVIII, y elevó a Pamplona al máximo grado de calidad en materia de fortificación en España. Además concibió un plan estratégico de apoyo entre las tres plazas más relevantes de la región: Pamplona, San Sebastián –cuyo proyecto general fue redactado por su hijo Isidro– y Fuenterrabía, para la que corrigió el proyecto de Luis de Langot. Esta investigación analiza el proyecto para Pamplona de forma comparativa frente a la labor proyectual previa del ingeniero para plazas de Flandes como Lier, en que los sistemas de inundaciones y esclusas fueron las herramientas clave, y otros para Alicante, Ceuta o Cádiz. Verboom demostró una gran capacidad de adaptación al terreno y maestría en adoptar las técnicas de fortificación más adecuadas a la importancia estratégica de la plaza, los recursos económicos y los accidentes naturales. ; The process of modernization of the military fortifications of Spain, initiated by Jorge Próspero Verboom in 1715, had an important chapter in the western Spanish-French border. The general engineer arrived in Pamplona in 1725 and drafted an ambitious general project, based mainly on the provision of three outer forts in strategic locations. He also strengthened the Front de France and the defensive system of the pentagonal citadel of Philip II. This project was carried out mostly throughout the eighteenth century, and elevated Pamplona to the highest quality in terms of fortification in Spain. He also drew up a strategic support plan between the three most important squares in the region: Pamplona, San Sebastián – the general project of which was written by his son Isidro – and Fuenterrabía, for which he corrected Luis de Langot's project. This research analyses the project for Pamplona comparing such project to the previous projects by the engineer for squares in Flanders, such as Lier, where the flood and lock systems were key tools, and others for Alicante, Ceuta or Cádiz. Verboom demonstrated a great ability to adapt to the terrain and mastery in adopting the most appropriate fortification techniques to the strategic importance of the square, economic resources and natural accidents.

As BIM adoption continues, the goal of a totally collaborative model with multiple contributors is attainable. Many initiatives such as the 2016 UK government level 2 BIM deadline are putting pressure on the construction industry to speed up the changeover. Clients and collaborators have higher expectations of using digital 3D models to communicate design ideas and solve practical problems. Contractors and clients are benefitting from cost saving scheduling and clash detection offered by BIM. Effective collaboration on the project will also give speed and efficiency gains. Despite this, many businesses of varying sizes are still having problems. The cost of the software and the training provides an obvious barrier for micro-enterprises and could explain a delay in adoption. Many studies have looked at these problems faced by SME and micro-enterprises. Larger companies have different problems. The efforts made by government to encourage them are quite comprehensive, but is anything being done to help smaller sectors and keep the industry cohesive? This limited study examines several companies of varying size and varying project type: architectural design businesses, main contractor, structural engineer and building consultancy. The study examines the barriers to a truly collaborative BIM workflow facing different specialities on a larger project and a contrasting small/medium project. The findings will establish that different barriers for each sector are actually pushing further apart, thus potentially creating a BIM-only construction elite, leaving the small companies remaining on 2D based drawing.

Concrete carbonation is one of the main triggers of the corrosion process and hence of the premature deterioration of concrete reinforcements. In order to monitor and control the carbonation process, a potentiometric sensor using thick-film technology was developed. This paper includes the results of the research carried out to characterise the pH sensor, including the materials, response time, sensitivity, detection limit, reproducibility, reversibility and the study of chloride interference. The sensors have been studied in pore solutions and concrete specimens. The study shows that the thick-film sensor has a potentiometric response to variations in pH and is capable of providing continuous, real-time information on the progress of the carbonation front. ; The pre-doctoral scholarship was granted to Roman Bataller Prats by the Research Staff Training Program, "Formacion de Personal Investigador (FPI) 2012" from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and to Jose Enrique Ramon Zamora by the University Faculty Training Program FPU13/0091, "Formacion del Profesorado Universitario (FPU) 2013" from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. The financial support from the Spanish Government and the European FEDER funds MAT2012-38429-004-04. ETSIE (UPV) by their support to the laboratory is also gratefully acknowledged. ; Gandía-Romero, JM.; Campos, I.; Valcuende Payá, MO.; García Breijo, E.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Soto Camino, J. (2016). Potentiometric thick-film sensors for measuring the pH of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 68(2016):66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.006 ; S ; 66 ; 76 ; 68 ; 2016

A new definition for the electrochemical cell constant in conductivity measurements is presented in this paper. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and DC pulses measurements have been carried out in non-Faradaic conditions in order to evaluate the effects of the cell geometry. The results obtained demonstrate that conductivity measurements are affected not only by the electrodes surface and separation but also by the cross section of the electrochemical cell. In order to obtain a linear behavior of the resistance versus the distance between electrodes, the cross section of the cell should be equal to the electrodes surface. Differences between the cell cross section and the electrodes surface produce a heterogeneous distribution of the electric field that causes the non-linear behavior for low values of the electrodes separation. This study shows that the reproducibility in electronic tongue and humid electronic nose measurements can be improved by designing an electrochemical cell structure that warrants a homogeneous distribution of the electrical field, which results in a reduction of the detection threshold in these types of system. ; Financial support from the Spanish Government (projects MAT2012-38429-C04-04 and IPT-2012-0069-310000) is gratefully acknowledged. The pre-doctoral scholarship granted to Roman Bataller Prats within the program "Formacion de Personal Investigador (FPI) 2012" from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia is gratefully acknowledged. ; Bataller Prats, R.; Gandía Romero, JM.; García Breijo, E.; Alcañiz Fillol, M.; Soto Camino, J. (2015). A study of the importance of the cell geometry in non-Faradaic systems. A new definition of the cell constant for conductivity measurement. Electrochimica Acta. 153(20):263-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.12.014 ; S ; 263 ; 272 ; 153 ; 20

Fuenterrabía, one of the most outstanding strongholds of the Basque Country, historically, has always been a strategic checkpoint in the Spanish-French border. Its bastioned fortification system was, from the sixteenth century, of fundamental importance in the development of armed conflicts between these two nations. It was one of the first Spanish strongholds to adopt the initial Renaissancist design of the bastion. Military engineers continuously developed fortification projects to adequately withstand the advances made in artillery and siege warfare tactics. After the start of the construction of the Pamplona citadel in 1571, following the trace of Jacobo Palear Fratín, this same engineer planned under orders of Philip II an ambitious project to modernize the fortifications in Fuenterrabía. There are no plans or reports of this proposal left, nor the revision made by Tiburcio Spannocchi few years later, during the nineties. Only some documents held in the Archivo General de Simancas are deepening our understanding on his proposals. Thanks to a drawing outlined on the early seventeenth century and attributed to Matteo Neroni, cosmographer at the service of the Medici, we greatly know the project of Spannocchi, and through it, the one corresponding to Fratín. The purpose of this paper is to make a formal reconstruction of the state of the fortifications of this stronghold on the early seventeenth century.

The design and construction of the citadel of Pamplona required the delineation of numerous drawings by the most prestigious military engineers of the time. After the initial draft, prepared by Jacobo Palear Fratín in 1571, numerous disputes about technical aspects of the design of citadels happened between the different schools and family sagas. The search for the perfect machine of defence and the solution of the conflict between the different design opinions, forced to develop an increasingly accurate maps. Through this graphic documentation, the Council of War could take appropriate decisions in the distance, always under the paradigm of the citadel of Antwerp. The existing intimate relationship between written discourse and the image discourse in each project makes possible to reconstruct the history of the building.