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The paper uses a procedure called data envelopment analysis (DEA) to compare internal against external (outsource) efficiency in the delivery of finance function activities. The approach allows a direct comparison between the in‐house efficiency of UK small, medium and large companies in managing their accounting activities both with UK outsource contractors and also against the rather larger and more numerous contractors observed in Italy. The paper finds that, through comparative advantages, outsourcing presents a more efficient solution for the management of very small firm accounting than internal provision. Furthermore, there is evidence that substantial scale benefits continue to be available to outsource contractors, while inefficiency on internal provision is mainly technical. The paper concludes that outsourcing provision is likely to offer worthwhile savings to small firms, allowing them to shed competitive weaknesses and operate at efficient or best practice levels. At the same time, by converting an internal fixed cost, fixed capacity activity into a flexible, variable cost activity, SMEs have the potential to transform a previously unmanageable activity into an efficient or best practice activity that can grow or contract with the business.

"This book is the CPA, accounting professional and bookkeeper's guide to the future. As technology paves the way for increased self-reliance and DIY financial services, much of the traditional data entry tasks of accounting professionals and bookkeepers will be reduced. Yet, nothing can replace the human side of the client-advisor experience and the desire to improve your clients' businesses with financial information. Technology will continue marching on, so accounting professionals must adapt to the changing marketplace to thrive in this new paradigm. This book shows you how to provide the kind of value that technology cannot: human connection. Rather than simply reporting data, today's accounting professionals have an opportunity to take a much more active role in their clients' business by analyzing the story behind the numbers, understanding both operations and finance, and guiding the client toward the outcomes they need. Creating an ongoing relationship throughout the year allows you to be proactive rather than reactive, and help your client's business at a holistic level"--