First steps of the heritage preservation in Lithuania are penetrated in 19th century. Greater interest in cultural heritage, its comprehension and preservation among eggheads it is noticed namely then. So, the system of heritage preservation is comparably a young sphere, which momentarily day-after-day infiltrates into a social life and becomes integrant. Cultural heritage preservation topicalities are more frequently examined presently by the mass media. Unfortunately, not enough attention is paid to fountainhead of the cultural heritage, as well as to pathfinders-romanticists who worked in this field fascinated by Vilnius region cultural heritage and envisaged its historical, ethnic and ideological significance. Science Society of Lithuania (further – SSL) and Vilnius science mates' union (VSMU) in the field of heritage preservation have commanded notably. Societies were established in 1907 and functioned in parallel during the whole inter-war period. Goals and activity fields of both societies were alike. Members of both societies actively and enthusiastically attempted to retain the cultural heritage of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). And only at the beginning of 20th century when Lithuania under influence of political situation was divided into two camps, an artificial contrariety aroused between them, as is known from the correspondence of the societies. Works of SSL attained more attention of the Lithuania's historiography than works of VSMU. Documents, activity reports which are secured in State historical archives of Lithuania provide a lot of information about SSL. Iconography gathered by VSMU and used by latter-day professionals is very precious. VSMU activity protecting art heritage is described in Laima Laučkaitė's monograph. The circumstances of Union museum's foundation and destiny of the West Europe paintings' collection were investigated by Jolanta Širkaitė. Information about excavation, restoration and preservation works of Vilnius upper castle and Trakai Island and the Peninsula castles can be found in Napoleonas Kitkauskas and Stasys Mikulionis monographs. VSMU was established and guided by Alfonsas Parčevskis, Dr. Vladislavas Zahorskis, Jonas Kurčevskis. According the sustained regulations, the Union's activity may be divided into 2 periods: 1907-1921 and 1922-1941. From the starting point VSMU particularly took care of the preservation of main GDL heritage objects – the Vilnius upper and Trakai Island and the Peninsula castles. It was the initial VSMU goals of greater significance and extent, realization of them stretched through the whole Union's existence, and at the end of 20th century attained flashpoint. Research and preservation works of the castles of Trakai were highly appreciated by posterior heritage preservation experts (Stasys Mikulionis, Jonas Glemža). VSMU works on this object allowed the later investigators to rebuild the lost beauty of Trakai Island and the Peninsula castles, while the culture workers adjusted them to the museum, educational and tourist use. The date of Vilnius upper castle buildings' construction was identified during the exploration of the object by VSMU. Archeological excavations of E. and V. Holubovič were the first bulk jobs on the Castle hill. The findings provided information about the habitants' living conditions, the origin of the first wooden buildings, and helped to identify the evolution periods of the castle. The short analysis of VSMU activities and nowadays conception highlights the same problem – the instability of the Castle hill flank's ground. It is VSMU merit that we can admire and boast of GDL Trakai and Vilnius cities defensive architecture. Exactly these GDT heritage objects introduce our country to the world and attract our guests by their Gothic shape.
Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to deepen the understanding of nursing care for seriously ill patients on the edge of life in intensive care unit (ICU) and nursing home when questions were raised whether to withhold or withdraw curative treatment. Method: All studies were conducted in a qualitative frame of reference with interviews of nurses in two contexts in Norway; group interviews of 14 nurses in an ICU (study I, III), and individual interviews of 14 nurses in two nursing homes (study II, IV). Data were analysed with interpretative phenomenology (I, III, IV) and phenomenography (II). Findings: The nurses' descriptions of the patients on the edge of life were interpreted as 'being in a twilight zone', a state between living and dying. The patients' situation were understood to be very burdensome as they were mostly 'voiceless' and unable to call for, or refuse help and totally surrendered to other people's devices. Their state was strained by extensive suffering; pains and bodily afflictions, loneliness, confusion and without control and dignity (I). Their need for nursing care was comprehensive (I, II) with an overall need for dignity (II), which included having the needs for preparedness, human relationship, comfort and safety met (II). The patients' inabilities to express themselves clearly involved major challenges for nursing care (I - IV). Good nursing care was described as caring for the individual patient based on his/her situation and needs. The nurses experienced themselves to be of imperative importance for the patient's living or dying (III, IV) and their interpretation of the patient's condition was crucial (III). Their commitment and drive to help was high, they knew what good nursing care was for the patients (I - IV), and they were proud when they succeeded in their care (III, IV). An outstanding finding was the nurses' experiences of ambiguity of both certainty and uncertainty. Being certain mostly seemed to concern nursing care related to the patient's needs and situation (I, II), and uncertainty to what was 'right' to do with regards to withholding or withdrawing treatment (III, IV). They often experienced loneliness, too much responsibility, a vulnerable professional pride, and being pulled between opposite poles when they struggled to give good nursing care (I - IV), but too often they failed (II, IV). This demanding situation sometimes led to the nurses' use of several self-protecting strategies. Whether the patients could receive good nursing care or not did not only depend on the single nurse, but was also anchored in opportunities and hindrances on a relational and an organisational level (I – IV). There were many congruities in patterns in the experiences of ICU - and nursing - home - nurses with regards to the situation and needs of patients on the edge of life, and good nursing care. Congruities were also found regarding being a nurse when caring for these patients, and nurses' opportunities and hindrances for carrying out good nursing care. Conclusion: This thesis shows that nursing care was experienced as being of crucial importance to the patients on the edge of life, and the nurses knew very well what good nursing care was for them. However, the nurses' opportunities to perform good nursing care depended on several preconditions and were restricted by hindrances on different levels, which have to be overcome in order to fulfil patients' needs and nurses' ambitions of giving good nursing care. As such, this thesis highlights a wide-ranging understanding of nursing care for these patients, which should challenge individual nurses, but also other health care workers, leaders and politicians.
Social Work Profession in Aragón. The process of professionalization of this female activity.Tomasa Báñez.We have used feminist perspectives and critical theory to do this doctoral thesis. Guided by feminist perspectives and critical theory, the thesis has the following aims: to try to understand the female presence in social work, to show the importance and the consequences of this female presence, to encourage my colleagues to incorporate feminist perspectives in their lessons about social work and to encourage future social workers to create a woman-centred practice.The methodological strategies of the thesis have been:1) Studying the gender relations in the profession.2) Paying attention to the female experiences. 3) Understanding work as a unit, which includes family work and job.4) Historical and processual perspective.5) Paying attention to the material and idealistic aspects of social reality.About the hypothesis of the research, the main idea of the doctoral thesis is to consider the social work profession in Aragón as a female activity as the result of changing the place where traditionally dependent people were looked after and the change of the people who did this work. In this way the social work profession was born, as a female activity with all of the characteristics of traditional female activities. That means that the natural qualities to do this work are more visible than the professional training.Social, political and economic changes in Spain during the 70's produced changes in the profession, however the female character remains. But the characteristics of the women in the profession have changed: their age, their social class, their motivations, etc. On the other hand, as a result of these changes the labour and salary conditions have improved and ; La profesión de trabajo social en Aragón. El proceso de profesionalización de esta actividad feminizada.Tomasa Báñez Tello.Hemos realizado esta tesis doctoral utilizando las perspectivas teóricas sobre las relaciones de género y marxistas. Orientada por estos planteamientos teóricos, la tesis tiene los siguientes objetivos: tratar de comprender el carácter feminizado del trabajo social, mostrar la importancia y las consecuencias de este carácter feminizado, animar a mis colegas a incorporar las perspectivas feministas en sus clases y animar a los futuros trabajadores sociales a realizar una práctica del trabajo social centrada en las mujeres.Las estrategias metodológicas de la tesis han sido:1) Estudiar las relaciones de género en la profesión.2) Prestar atención a las experiencias femeninas. 3) Concebir el trabajo como una unidad, que incluye empleo y trabajo familiar.4) Perspectiva histórica y procesual.5) Prestar atención a los aspectos materiales e ideales de realidad social.En relación con las hipótesis de la investigación, la idea principal de la tesis doctoral ha sido considerar la profesión de trabajo social en Aragón como una actividad feminizada como consecuencia del cambio del lugar donde tradicionalmente se ha cuidado a las personas dependientes y del cambio de las personas responsables de realizar estas tareas de cuidado. De esta manera, la profesión de trabajo social nació, como una actividad feminizada con todas las características de las actividades feminizadas. De forma que las calidades naturales para hacer este trabajo son más visibles que la formación profesional.Los cambios sociales, políticos y económicos que tuvieron lugar en Aragón durante los años setenta, produjeron cambios en la profesión, sin embargo el carácter feminizado de la misma perman
The outcome of World War II brought a new political order to the nations of Eastern Europe : an order which, due to its ideological bases and emphasis on transformation of man and society, may be called "Utopian". A primary expression of this Utopia was the Soviet-style command economy, transported from the land of its invention and grafted onto the new socialist states. This essay, which deals with the broad social consequences of economic reform in East Europe, views reform as a process of dismantling the command economy — a process called forth by the recognition that the promised Utopia is false, and that the economic arrangements linked with its attainment fail to meet the contemporary economic needs of the socialist states. Just as the social consequences of the command economy have shaped, to a significant degree, everyday life in East Europe, so do the consequences of reform promise to change that life. The main focus of the essay is on the Hungarian reform — the New Economic Mechanism — in effect since 1968, as a "case" with potential relevance for other socialist states whose reforms have not yet gone so far. The command economy, in Hungary as elsewhere, was marked by low living standards, a certain amount of egalitarianism in economic rewards combined with job security, an underprovisioning of the service and consumer goods sectors, and chronic problems of housing shortage. Perhaps most critically of all its impacts, the logic of reform challenges the egalitarianism (though at low average pay levels) and job security (rooted in a tolerance for disguised underemployment and low labor productivity) which have provided much of whatever working-class support exists for the East European regimes. The threat of increased income differentials, of "efficiency" criteria, confronts a "populist" form of egalitarianism widespread among the working class, to whom equality of opportunity seems not so important as equality of result. These, and other consequences of allowing freer play to quasi-market mechanism (such as increased peasant incomes via higher produce prices, differentiation in housing as it moves toward becoming a "market" rather than a "welfare" item, etc.) imply changes in the hither to relatively stable positions of social strata. Such changes are matters of controversy, and reform has both its defenders (reform economists themselves, the professional intelligentsia and certain other groups who perceive benefits forthcoming) and its opponents. The latter is an especially mixed group, encompassing numerous political functionaries and enter- prise managers who see their positions threatened by the introduction of new demands, and new and unfamiliar performance criteria, as well as rank-and-file workers who see reform as a threat to their relative material and symbolic status, and, perhaps, "New Left" intelligentsia as well, opposed to a pragmatism which seems to aim at a socialist "consumer society". The consequences of reform, in Hungary at least, are real : whether they are, as yet, irreversible is another question. The fate of economic reform, already far advanced in Hungary, less so in the other Warsaw Pact states, depends not only on the internal balance of political forces as it affects the consensus on reform's social consequences, but also on the position of the USSR. The Soviet attitude has thus far been benign, but indications of official discontent with some consequences of the NEM, at the March 1974 HSWP plenum, may indicate not only domestic, but also Soviet, concerns with the potential results of replacing Utopia with pragmatism.
This Degree to supervise doctoral researches is presented in two volumes: the first is a summary note (322 pages, with notional and proper name indexes); the second brings together various articles, book chapters, statistical data and content analysis (215 pages). The first volume is itself divided into two parts: "Of Music and Poor's: synthesis and main results (1981-2007)", from pages 8 to 168, and "Anthropology of anger: grids of analysis, prospective reflection", from pages 170 to 269. A bibliography, classified into themes, has been deliberately made dense in references. Three chapters make up the first part of volume 1: "Prehistory of research and professional career", "The observation of underground musical phenomena and Identity minorities"; "Poor, poverty and social representations". Three others structure the following one: "The theorization of becoming an active minority"; "Cultures of resentment and current forms of mysticism" and "Conclusion: representations of poverty and work". As in any exercise of this kind, this synthesis of research (part 1) has been carried out with the aim of enriching the subject matter developed in already published writings, by drawing on new reading and by adding more precise notes or analyses, both for the work on popular music and for the work on social representations. In Chapter 1, a kind of professional autobiography is presented, which is related to the psychosocial and administrative issues of legitimation in research laboratories where a professional is a representative of a minority discipline (psychosociology). Since the end of the 1980s, we have been witnessing a complete reorganisation of the modes of professional integration and recognition of researchers. The obligation to join a single team, whatever the case, leads to an asymptotic career, especially if one is the bearer of a non-compliant research problem (monographic approach on a research object considered marginal in social psychology). Moreover, when the researcher does not belong to any of the dominant research disciplines of a university, one is faced with aporias and formidable professional and intellectual difficulties. In the end, this type of researcher is forced either into intra-organisational scientific marginality, by developing an invisible college of correspondents external to his or her working institution, or into the position of leadership or manager, by joining the pedagogical, administrative or scientific boards of his or her institution.The first chapter is devoted to the consequences of these structural constraints. A synthetic approach to surveys of popular music and a critical commentary on the vogue for ethno-methodological and apologetic research on these phenomena are then proposed (Chapter 2). This is because much has been written and published, both in France and abroad, on these "objects" of work, and we now find ourselves at a point where we are commenting on monographic empirical data and distancing ourselves from the work of certain researchers, activators of a fascinated theorising of these practices. A good part of this chapter is organised around this critical questioning and in defence of the so-called "acid state" model constructed during the thesis (1980-1986). Chapter 3 presents the complete data of a work, not yet published in a reference journal, of qualitative-quantitative research on the social representations of poverty. The approach to the 'poverty' subject is based on semi-directive interviews (80 subjects).An analysis of thematic content and lexicon, generated by an associative test, is also presented. Various elements are to be noted: the cognitive monopolisation effect of the terms "hunger" and "money" by poor subjects and the upper middle classes when asked to define the term "poverty" and the construction of the central core of poverty around the prototype of the homeless person, in the Paris region (implying a reduction in so-called "social" poverty and associated with modest socio-economic categories: immigrants, workers, employees, inhabitants of sensitive neighbourhoods). In chapter 4, a common theoretical and pragmatic distinction on the forms of seeking social recognition is formulated: socialisation through "identity" and socialisation through the elaboration of a work or "vocational achievement". A study model based on this elementary distinction, aiming to make this comparison operational and referring to highly differentiated social and political movements, would make it possible to better understand the evolution of contemporary societies with regard to the problems of managing cultural identifications and therefore of social integration and the construction of individuality. A study of the emergence of a constellation of heterodox and anomic behaviours is formulated. In chapter 5, the nature and form of mystical states during this historical and contemporary, strange phase of postmodernity are questioned. Trance, rage, social representations of the self, modified states of consciousness, ritualisations and aesthetics of violence, blasphemy and protest are all keys to entry and analysis to apprehend a teeming cultural reality. We then question the meaning of the invention of polymorphic collective emotions, by taking up a classic theme of research on the consequences of moral and communicational deregulation (on the Durkheimian and Mertonian anomie) in European societies. Chapter 6, of a conclusive type, focuses on the exposition of two research perspectives: the social representations of work and those of poverty. A few final comments on the importance of user-friendly and institutionalised interdisciplinarity punctuate the book. In this volume of HDR, the aim is to propose various lines of work and directions for reflection in a research design, confronted with various organisational and contemporary demands and focused on societal and current issues. The importance of the psycho-sociological analysis of interactions and behaviours has been affirmed throughout this professional biography and this prospective synthesis. ; L'habilitation à diriger les recherches se présente en deux tomes : le premier correspond à une note de synthèse (322 pages, avec index notionnels et de noms propres) ; le second rassemble divers articles, chapitre d'ouvrages, données statistiques et d'analyse de contenu (215 pages). Le premier volume est lui-même divisé en deux parties : « De la musique et des pauvres : bilan et principaux résultats (1981-2007) », de la page 8 à 168, et « Socio-anthropologie de la rage : grilles d'analyse, réflexion prospective », de la page 170 à 269. Une bibliographie, classée en thèmes, a été volontairement rendue dense en références. Trois chapitres composent la première partie du tome 1 : « Préhistoire de la recherche et parcours professionnel », « L'observation des phénomènes musicaux underground » et « Des minorités identitaires : pauvres, pauvreté et représentations sociales ». Trois autres structurent la suivante : « La théorisation du « devenir minorité active », « Cultures du ressentiment et formes actuelles du mysticisme » et « Conclusion : représentations de la pauvreté et du travail ». Comme dans tout exercice de ce genre, cette synthèse des recherches (partie 1) a été faite avec le souci d'enrichir le propos développé dans des écrits déjà publiés, en puisant dans de nouvelles lectures et par l'ajout de notes ou d'analyses plus précises, tant pour les travaux concernant les musiques populaires que pour ceux qui ont trait aux représentations sociales. Dans le chapitre 1, on se livre à une sorte d'autobiographie professionnelle, mise en rapport avec les enjeux psychosociaux et administratifs de légitimation dans des laboratoires de recherche où un professionnel est représentant d'une discipline minoritaire (psychosociologie). On assiste, en effet, depuis la fin des années 1980 à une réorganisation complète des modes d'insertion et de reconnaissance professionnels des chercheurs. L'obligation d'intégrer une seule équipe, quel que soit le cas de figure, conduit à suivre une carrière asymptotique surtout si l'on est porteur d'une problématique de recherche non conforme (approche monographique sur un objet de recherche jugé marginal en psychologie sociale). De plus, quand le chercheur n'appartient à aucune des disciplines de recherche dominantes d'une université, on se retrouve devant des apories et des difficultés professionnelles et intellectuelles redoutables. Ce type de chercheur est, d'une certaine manière, acculé soit à la marginalité scientifique intra-organisationnelle, en développant un collège invisible de correspondants externes à son institution de travail, soit à la position de leadership ou de manager, en entrant dans les conseils d'administration pédagogiques, administratifs ou scientifiques de son établissement. C'est aux conséquences de ces contraintes structurales qu'est consacré le premier chapitre. On propose ensuite (chapitre 2) une approche synthétique des enquêtes effectuées sur les musiques populaires et un commentaire critique de la vogue des recherches ethnométhodologiques et apologétiques sur ces phénomènes. C'est parce qu'on a beaucoup écrit et publié, tant en France qu'à l'étranger, sur ces « objets » de travail et que l'on se retrouve désormais à un moment de commentaire des données empiriques monographiques et de prise de distance par rapport aux travaux de certains chercheurs, activateurs d'une théorisation fascinée de ces pratiques. Une bonne partie de ce chapitre est organisé autour de ce questionnement critique et à la défense du modèle dit de l' « état acide » construit lors de la thèse (1980-1986). Dans le chapitre 3, il s'agit de présenter les données complètes d'un travail, non encore publié dans une revue de référence, d'une recherche qualitative-quantitative sur les représentations sociales de la pauvreté. L'approche de l'objet « pauvreté » est faite par entretiens semi-directifs (80 sujets). Une analyse de contenu thématique et du lexique, généré par un test associatif, est aussi présentée. Différents éléments sont à noter : l'effet d'accaparement cognitif des termes « faim » et « argent » par les sujets pauvres et les classes moyennes supérieures quand on leur demande de définir le terme « pauvreté » et la construction du noyau central de la pauvreté autour du prototype du sans-abri, en région parisienne (impliquant une minoration de la pauvreté dite « sociale » et associées aux catégories socio-économiques modestes : immigrés, ouvriers, employés, habitants des quartiers sensibles). Dans le chapitre 4, une distinction théorique et pragmatique courante sur les formes de recherche de reconnaissance sociale est formulée : la socialisation par l'« identité » et celle par l'élaboration d'une œuvre ou d'un « accomplissement vocationnel ». Un modèle d'étude fondé sur cette distinction élémentaire, visant à rendre opérationnelle cette comparaison et renvoyant à des mouvements sociaux et politiques très différenciés, permettrait de mieux appréhender l'évolution des sociétés contemporaines quant aux problématiques de gestion des identifications culturelles et donc d'intégration sociale et de construction de l'individualité. Une problématique d'étude de l'émergence d'une constellation de conduites hétérodoxes et anomiques est formulée. Au chapitre 5, c'est la nature et la forme des états mystiques, durant cette phase historique et contemporaine, étrange de postmodernité, qui sont questionnées. Transe, rage, représentations sociales du soi, états modifiés de la conscience, ritualisations et esthétiques de la violence, des blasphèmes et de la contestation, sont autant de clés d'entrée et d'analyse pour appréhender une foisonnante réalité culturelle. On questionne alors le sens de l'invention d'émotions collectives polymorphes, en reprenant une thématique classique de recherche sur les conséquences de la dérégulation morale et communicationnelle (notamment sur l'anomie durkheimienne et mertonienne) dans les sociétés européennes. Le chapitre 6, de type conclusif, est axé sur l'exposition de deux perspectives de recherche : les représentations sociales du travail et celles de la pauvreté. Quelques commentaires finaux sur l'importance d'une interdisciplinarité conviviale et institutionnalisée ponctuent l'ouvrage. Dans ce volume d'HDR, il s'agit de proposer diverses pistes de travail et orientations de réflexion dans un design de recherche, confronté à divers exigences organisationnelles et contemporaines et centré sur des problématiques sociétales et actuelles. L'importance de l'analyse psychosociologique des interactions et des conduites a été affirmée tout au long de cette biographie professionnelle et de cet écrit de synthèse prospective.
This Degree to supervise doctoral researches is presented in two volumes: the first is a summary note (322 pages, with notional and proper name indexes); the second brings together various articles, book chapters, statistical data and content analysis (215 pages). The first volume is itself divided into two parts: "Of Music and Poor's: synthesis and main results (1981-2007)", from pages 8 to 168, and "Anthropology of anger: grids of analysis, prospective reflection", from pages 170 to 269. A bibliography, classified into themes, has been deliberately made dense in references. Three chapters make up the first part of volume 1: "Prehistory of research and professional career", "The observation of underground musical phenomena and Identity minorities"; "Poor, poverty and social representations". Three others structure the following one: "The theorization of becoming an active minority"; "Cultures of resentment and current forms of mysticism" and "Conclusion: representations of poverty and work". As in any exercise of this kind, this synthesis of research (part 1) has been carried out with the aim of enriching the subject matter developed in already published writings, by drawing on new reading and by adding more precise notes or analyses, both for the work on popular music and for the work on social representations. In Chapter 1, a kind of professional autobiography is presented, which is related to the psychosocial and administrative issues of legitimation in research laboratories where a professional is a representative of a minority discipline (psychosociology). Since the end of the 1980s, we have been witnessing a complete reorganisation of the modes of professional integration and recognition of researchers. The obligation to join a single team, whatever the case, leads to an asymptotic career, especially if one is the bearer of a non-compliant research problem (monographic approach on a research object considered marginal in social psychology). Moreover, when the researcher does not belong to any of the dominant research disciplines of a university, one is faced with aporias and formidable professional and intellectual difficulties. In the end, this type of researcher is forced either into intra-organisational scientific marginality, by developing an invisible college of correspondents external to his or her working institution, or into the position of leadership or manager, by joining the pedagogical, administrative or scientific boards of his or her institution.The first chapter is devoted to the consequences of these structural constraints. A synthetic approach to surveys of popular music and a critical commentary on the vogue for ethno-methodological and apologetic research on these phenomena are then proposed (Chapter 2). This is because much has been written and published, both in France and abroad, on these "objects" of work, and we now find ourselves at a point where we are commenting on monographic empirical data and distancing ourselves from the work of certain researchers, activators of a fascinated theorising of these practices. A good part of this chapter is organised around this critical questioning and in defence of the so-called "acid state" model constructed during the thesis (1980-1986). Chapter 3 presents the complete data of a work, not yet published in a reference journal, of qualitative-quantitative research on the social representations of poverty. The approach to the 'poverty' subject is based on semi-directive interviews (80 subjects).An analysis of thematic content and lexicon, generated by an associative test, is also presented. Various elements are to be noted: the cognitive monopolisation effect of the terms "hunger" and "money" by poor subjects and the upper middle classes when asked to define the term "poverty" and the construction of the central core of poverty around the prototype of the homeless person, in the Paris region (implying a reduction in so-called "social" poverty and associated with modest socio-economic categories: immigrants, workers, employees, inhabitants of sensitive neighbourhoods). In chapter 4, a common theoretical and pragmatic distinction on the forms of seeking social recognition is formulated: socialisation through "identity" and socialisation through the elaboration of a work or "vocational achievement". A study model based on this elementary distinction, aiming to make this comparison operational and referring to highly differentiated social and political movements, would make it possible to better understand the evolution of contemporary societies with regard to the problems of managing cultural identifications and therefore of social integration and the construction of individuality. A study of the emergence of a constellation of heterodox and anomic behaviours is formulated. In chapter 5, the nature and form of mystical states during this historical and contemporary, strange phase of postmodernity are questioned. Trance, rage, social representations of the self, modified states of consciousness, ritualisations and aesthetics of violence, blasphemy and protest are all keys to entry and analysis to apprehend a teeming cultural reality. We then question the meaning of the invention of polymorphic collective emotions, by taking up a classic theme of research on the consequences of moral and communicational deregulation (on the Durkheimian and Mertonian anomie) in European societies. Chapter 6, of a conclusive type, focuses on the exposition of two research perspectives: the social representations of work and those of poverty. A few final comments on the importance of user-friendly and institutionalised interdisciplinarity punctuate the book. In this volume of HDR, the aim is to propose various lines of work and directions for reflection in a research design, confronted with various organisational and contemporary demands and focused on societal and current issues. The importance of the psycho-sociological analysis of interactions and behaviours has been affirmed throughout this professional biography and this prospective synthesis. ; L'habilitation à diriger les recherches se présente en deux tomes : le premier correspond à une note de synthèse (322 pages, avec index notionnels et de noms propres) ; le second rassemble divers articles, chapitre d'ouvrages, données statistiques et d'analyse de contenu (215 pages). Le premier volume est lui-même divisé en deux parties : « De la musique et des pauvres : bilan et principaux résultats (1981-2007) », de la page 8 à 168, et « Socio-anthropologie de la rage : grilles d'analyse, réflexion prospective », de la page 170 à 269. Une bibliographie, classée en thèmes, a été volontairement rendue dense en références. Trois chapitres composent la première partie du tome 1 : « Préhistoire de la recherche et parcours professionnel », « L'observation des phénomènes musicaux underground » et « Des minorités identitaires : pauvres, pauvreté et représentations sociales ». Trois autres structurent la suivante : « La théorisation du « devenir minorité active », « Cultures du ressentiment et formes actuelles du mysticisme » et « Conclusion : représentations de la pauvreté et du travail ». Comme dans tout exercice de ce genre, cette synthèse des recherches (partie 1) a été faite avec le souci d'enrichir le propos développé dans des écrits déjà publiés, en puisant dans de nouvelles lectures et par l'ajout de notes ou d'analyses plus précises, tant pour les travaux concernant les musiques populaires que pour ceux qui ont trait aux représentations sociales. Dans le chapitre 1, on se livre à une sorte d'autobiographie professionnelle, mise en rapport avec les enjeux psychosociaux et administratifs de légitimation dans des laboratoires de recherche où un professionnel est représentant d'une discipline minoritaire (psychosociologie). On assiste, en effet, depuis la fin des années 1980 à une réorganisation complète des modes d'insertion et de reconnaissance professionnels des chercheurs. L'obligation d'intégrer une seule équipe, quel que soit le cas de figure, conduit à suivre une carrière asymptotique surtout si l'on est porteur d'une problématique de recherche non conforme (approche monographique sur un objet de recherche jugé marginal en psychologie sociale). De plus, quand le chercheur n'appartient à aucune des disciplines de recherche dominantes d'une université, on se retrouve devant des apories et des difficultés professionnelles et intellectuelles redoutables. Ce type de chercheur est, d'une certaine manière, acculé soit à la marginalité scientifique intra-organisationnelle, en développant un collège invisible de correspondants externes à son institution de travail, soit à la position de leadership ou de manager, en entrant dans les conseils d'administration pédagogiques, administratifs ou scientifiques de son établissement. C'est aux conséquences de ces contraintes structurales qu'est consacré le premier chapitre. On propose ensuite (chapitre 2) une approche synthétique des enquêtes effectuées sur les musiques populaires et un commentaire critique de la vogue des recherches ethnométhodologiques et apologétiques sur ces phénomènes. C'est parce qu'on a beaucoup écrit et publié, tant en France qu'à l'étranger, sur ces « objets » de travail et que l'on se retrouve désormais à un moment de commentaire des données empiriques monographiques et de prise de distance par rapport aux travaux de certains chercheurs, activateurs d'une théorisation fascinée de ces pratiques. Une bonne partie de ce chapitre est organisé autour de ce questionnement critique et à la défense du modèle dit de l' « état acide » construit lors de la thèse (1980-1986). Dans le chapitre 3, il s'agit de présenter les données complètes d'un travail, non encore publié dans une revue de référence, d'une recherche qualitative-quantitative sur les représentations sociales de la pauvreté. L'approche de l'objet « pauvreté » est faite par entretiens semi-directifs (80 sujets). Une analyse de contenu thématique et du lexique, généré par un test associatif, est aussi présentée. Différents éléments sont à noter : l'effet d'accaparement cognitif des termes « faim » et « argent » par les sujets pauvres et les classes moyennes supérieures quand on leur demande de définir le terme « pauvreté » et la construction du noyau central de la pauvreté autour du prototype du sans-abri, en région parisienne (impliquant une minoration de la pauvreté dite « sociale » et associées aux catégories socio-économiques modestes : immigrés, ouvriers, employés, habitants des quartiers sensibles). Dans le chapitre 4, une distinction théorique et pragmatique courante sur les formes de recherche de reconnaissance sociale est formulée : la socialisation par l'« identité » et celle par l'élaboration d'une œuvre ou d'un « accomplissement vocationnel ». Un modèle d'étude fondé sur cette distinction élémentaire, visant à rendre opérationnelle cette comparaison et renvoyant à des mouvements sociaux et politiques très différenciés, permettrait de mieux appréhender l'évolution des sociétés contemporaines quant aux problématiques de gestion des identifications culturelles et donc d'intégration sociale et de construction de l'individualité. Une problématique d'étude de l'émergence d'une constellation de conduites hétérodoxes et anomiques est formulée. Au chapitre 5, c'est la nature et la forme des états mystiques, durant cette phase historique et contemporaine, étrange de postmodernité, qui sont questionnées. Transe, rage, représentations sociales du soi, états modifiés de la conscience, ritualisations et esthétiques de la violence, des blasphèmes et de la contestation, sont autant de clés d'entrée et d'analyse pour appréhender une foisonnante réalité culturelle. On questionne alors le sens de l'invention d'émotions collectives polymorphes, en reprenant une thématique classique de recherche sur les conséquences de la dérégulation morale et communicationnelle (notamment sur l'anomie durkheimienne et mertonienne) dans les sociétés européennes. Le chapitre 6, de type conclusif, est axé sur l'exposition de deux perspectives de recherche : les représentations sociales du travail et celles de la pauvreté. Quelques commentaires finaux sur l'importance d'une interdisciplinarité conviviale et institutionnalisée ponctuent l'ouvrage. Dans ce volume d'HDR, il s'agit de proposer diverses pistes de travail et orientations de réflexion dans un design de recherche, confronté à divers exigences organisationnelles et contemporaines et centré sur des problématiques sociétales et actuelles. L'importance de l'analyse psychosociologique des interactions et des conduites a été affirmée tout au long de cette biographie professionnelle et de cet écrit de synthèse prospective.
El trabajo de investigación surge en el año 2001, ante la necesidad de hacer frente a una nueva realidad jurídica, el mobbing. Para ello fue decisivo el estudio de lo publicado (básicamente de ramas ajenas al Derecho) pero sobre todo las entrevistas con las víctimas de mobbing y sus asociaciones; este extremo, unido a la ausencia de un tratamiento internacional, obligó a un camino autodidacta para definir mobbing jurídicamente. La Tesis define mobbing como la presión laboral tendente a la autoeliminación de un trabajador mediante su denigración (presión laboral tendenciosa), y con ello por primera vez se tiene una definición de mobbing en línea y media, con plena validez jurídica, que es susceptible de ser memorizada y por lo tanto divulgada, para corregir el problema. El denominado "concepto uniformado de mobbing" recalca la denigración como mecanismo frente a los tratos degradantes y recalca la autoeliminación como finalidad de un comportamiento doloso. El trabajo aporta fórmulas para deslindar casos de mobbing de otras figuras próximas, y en este sentido debe citarse "la regla del 9" para saber si hay mobbing; en sede de estadísticas se critican metodológicamente muchas de ellas presentadas hasta el momento y se aporta alguna en sede de Tribunales; pero sobre todo se advierte de los riesgos jurídicos de una previsible regulación específica antimobbing, mediante el examen de las distintas definiciones que se han esgrimido hasta el momento. La segunda parte de la Tesis profundiza sobre el grado de sensibilización de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico y Tribunales, a cuyo fin se ha trabajado con más de un centernar y medio de sentencias dictadas sobre la materia, y por supuesto la totalidad de las recogidas en las bases de datos de las editoriales. El análisis sirve para apreciar la bondad de la sistemática aquí defendida, poniendo en evidencia errores, y contradicciones. La Tesis advierte que la presión laboral tendenciosa más allá de vulnerar el derecho constitucional al trabajo, o los derechos fundamentales a la integridad moral y el honor, es una transgresión a todo un "espíritu constitucional", y en este sentido se analiza con detalle tanto la posibilidad de recurrir en amparo, como el derecho a la indemnidad para quien se enfrenta a esta situación. Advirtiendo de las ventajas de efectuar esta reacción mediante la modalidad procesal de tutela de los derechos fundamentales, se analiza la recurrida acción del art.50 ET, donde se realizan aportaciones sugerentes como el plazo prescripción o la "doctrina de los antecedentes", y se otorgan respuestas a las preguntas sobre obligación de seguir trabajando y ejecución provisional. En sede de acciones de Seguridad Social, la Tesis distingue entre la incapacidad temporal y permanente (depresiones) y la muerte y supervivencia, aportándose sobre la primera la técnica denominada "interpretación en tres niveles" y descartando la posibilidad de considerar accidente de trabajo el suicidio tras un mobbing por imperativo legal, pero aportando un sucedáneo bastante razonable como es el accidente no laboral. Junto a ello se razona por la viabilidad del recargo del art.123 LGSS. Civilmente, la Tesis se posiciona de "lege ferenda" por reconducir este tipo de acciones resarcitorias del daño psíquico y moral al orden civil, por una mayor explicación sobre el origen del quantum, pero sobre todo considera inadmisible la STS 11-3-04, y ello por una pluralidad de argumentos, pero sobre todo por cuanto viene a autorizar "de facto" este tipo de conductas. La posibilidad de accionar administrativamente frente a este riesgo psicosocial se analiza en un doble terreno, la empresa y la Administración. Si bien el cauce sobre el primero tiene algunos meandros que se desbelan, la situación es radicalmente frustrante en la Administración -donde se encuentra el mayor caldo de cultivo del mobbing- , y ello por el RD 707/2002, pero todavía en mayor medida por el Criterio Técnico 34/2003 mediante el cual la interpretación del Director General de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social ha venido tácitamente a derogar parcialmente la Ley de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales para la Administración. En materia penal, la Tesis se decanta "a priori" por dos tipos penales, los delitos contra los derechos de los trabajadores, y el delito de trato degradante; sin embargo, en la práctica sólo este segundo es el camino que puede alcanzar buen puerto. Finalmente se realiza un estudio detallado de la Ley 62/2003, ley que se divulgó como reguladora del acoso moral, y que después se defiende como un avance frente al mobbing. La Tesis advierte que no es cierto ni lo uno, ni lo otro, habiendo creado un "espejismo legal" que puede perjudicar a las víctimas de mobbing, además de no servir su estructura para una futura regulación explícita antimobbing. ; The subject for research appeared in 2001, due to the need to face up to a new juridical reality, mobbing. The study of published material was decisive (basically from areas unrelated to law) but above all from interviews with victims of mobbing and mobbing associations; this situation together with an absence of a systematic international study, made it obligatory to teach oneself to provide mobbing with a juridical definition. This thesis defines mobbing as work environment pressure tending towards the self elimination of a worker through his or her denigration (tendentious work pressure). For the first time we have a definition of mobbing in a line and a half, with juridical validity, which can be memorised and therefore divulged, to correct the problem. The denominated "uniform mobbing concept" underlines the denigration as a mechanism against degrading treatment and underlines self elimination as the result of intentional acts. This study provides formulas to differentiate cases of mobbing from other similar situations. In this sense the "golden rule" must be cited to know if mobbing exists; from a statistical viewpoint many of those presented up to now are criticised methodologically and some have been provided in the tribunals, but above all a warning is given with regard to the juridical risks of a foreseeable specific anti-mobbing legislation, through the examination of the different definitions which have been put forward up to now. The second part of the thesis goes into depth over the amount of awareness of our laws and precedents and tribunals, to which end over 150 sentences on the subject have been studied, and of course all of those included in the publishers data bases. The analysis is used to form an appreciation of the adequacy of the system being defended, highlighting errors and contradictions. The thesis warns that tendentious work pressure, more than violating constitutional rights at work, or the fundamental rights to moral integrity or honour, is a transgression of a "constitutional spirit", and in this sense an analysis is made of both the possibility of making an application for the defence of basic constitutional rights, as well as a the right to indemnity for whoever confronts this situation. Signalling the advantages of carrying out this reaction of the safeguarding of the fundamental rights through the modality of legal process, the recurred action of "art. 50 ET", (Estatuto del Trabajador - Workers' Statute) is analysed, where attractive contributions such as time limits or the "doctrine of the antecedents" are made, and questions are provided with answers about the obligation to continue working and provisional proceedings. With regard to actions within the scope of the Social Security, the thesis distinguishes between temporary disability and permanent disability (depression) and death and survival, contributing to the first with the technique called "three level interpretation" and rejection of the possibility of considering suicide after mobbing as a professional accident by legal imperative, but providing a very reasonable substitute such as non professional accident. Together with this there is argument for the viability of the penalty of "art. 123 LGSS" (Ley General de la Seguridad Social - General Social Security Law). In terms of Civil Law, the thesis takes up the position of "de lege ferenda", to steer these types of compensatory actions for moral and psychological damages toward the civil order, for a greater explanation of the origin of the quantum, but above all considering inadmissible the "STS" (Sentencia del Tribunal Superior) 11-3-04 for a variety of arguments, but above all when authorising "de facto" these types of conducts. The possibility of taking administrative action against this psychosocial risk is analysed from a double viewpoint, the company and the administration. Whilst the legal river has some whirlpools which can be seen, the situation is radically frustrating in the case of the administration, where the greatest hotbed of mobbing exists, and this being because of "RD" (Real Decreto - Royal Decree) 707/2002, but even to a greater extent because of the "Criterio Técnico" (Technical Criterium) 34/2003 through which the Director General of Inspection of Work and Social Security has tacitly partially abolished the Law of Prevention of Professional Risks for the Administration. In terms of Criminal Law, the Thesis leans towards two criminal typologies, the offences against the rights of workers, and the offence of degrading treatment; however, in practice only the second option is the way to success. Finally a detailed study is made on Law 62/2003, a law which was issued as regulating moral harassment, and which later is defended as an advance against mobbing. The thesis advises that neither are true, having created a "legal mirage" which can negatively effect victims of mobbing, as well as not serving as a structure for a future explicit anti-mobbing regulation.
El trabajo de investigación surge en el año 2001, ante la necesidad de hacer frente a una nueva realidad jurídica, el mobbing. Para ello fue decisivo el estudio de lo publicado (básicamente de ramas ajenas al Derecho) pero sobre todo las entrevistas con las víctimas de mobbing y sus asociaciones; este extremo, unido a la ausencia de un tratamiento internacional, obligó a un camino autodidacta para definir mobbing jurídicamente. La Tesis define mobbing como la presión laboral tendente a la autoeliminación de un trabajador mediante su denigración (presión laboral tendenciosa), y con ello por primera vez se tiene una definición de mobbing en línea y media, con plena validez jurídica, que es susceptible de ser memorizada y por lo tanto divulgada, para corregir el problema. El denominado "concepto uniformado de mobbing" recalca la denigración como mecanismo frente a los tratos degradantes y recalca la autoeliminación como finalidad de un comportamiento doloso. El trabajo aporta fórmulas para deslindar casos de mobbing de otras figuras próximas, y en este sentido debe citarse "la regla del 9" para saber si hay mobbing; en sede de estadísticas se critican metodológicamente muchas de ellas presentadas hasta el momento y se aporta alguna en sede de Tribunales; pero sobre todo se advierte de los riesgos jurídicos de una previsible regulación específica antimobbing, mediante el examen de las distintas definiciones que se han esgrimido hasta el momento. La segunda parte de la Tesis profundiza sobre el grado de sensibilización de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico y Tribunales, a cuyo fin se ha trabajado con más de un centernar y medio de sentencias dictadas sobre la materia, y por supuesto la totalidad de las recogidas en las bases de datos de las editoriales. El análisis sirve para apreciar la bondad de la sistemática aquí defendida, poniendo en evidencia errores, y contradicciones. La Tesis advierte que la presión laboral tendenciosa más allá de vulnerar el derecho constitucional al trabajo, o los derechos fundamentales a la integridad moral y el honor, es una transgresión a todo un "espíritu constitucional", y en este sentido se analiza con detalle tanto la posibilidad de recurrir en amparo, como el derecho a la indemnidad para quien se enfrenta a esta situación. Advirtiendo de las ventajas de efectuar esta reacción mediante la modalidad procesal de tutela de los derechos fundamentales, se analiza la recurrida acción del art.50 ET, donde se realizan aportaciones sugerentes como el plazo prescripción o la "doctrina de los antecedentes", y se otorgan respuestas a las preguntas sobre obligación de seguir trabajando y ejecución provisional. En sede de acciones de Seguridad Social, la Tesis distingue entre la incapacidad temporal y permanente (depresiones) y la muerte y supervivencia, aportándose sobre la primera la técnica denominada "interpretación en tres niveles" y descartando la posibilidad de considerar accidente de trabajo el suicidio tras un mobbing por imperativo legal, pero aportando un sucedáneo bastante razonable como es el accidente no laboral. Junto a ello se razona por la viabilidad del recargo del art.123 LGSS. Civilmente, la Tesis se posiciona de "lege ferenda" por reconducir este tipo de acciones resarcitorias del daño psíquico y moral al orden civil, por una mayor explicación sobre el origen del quantum, pero sobre todo considera inadmisible la STS 11-3-04, y ello por una pluralidad de argumentos, pero sobre todo por cuanto viene a autorizar "de facto" este tipo de conductas. La posibilidad de accionar administrativamente frente a este riesgo psicosocial se analiza en un doble terreno, la empresa y la Administración. Si bien el cauce sobre el primero tiene algunos meandros que se desbelan, la situación es radicalmente frustrante en la Administración -donde se encuentra el mayor caldo de cultivo del mobbing- , y ello por el RD 707/2002, pero todavía en mayor medida por el Criterio Técnico 34/2003 mediante el cual la interpretación del Director General de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social ha venido tácitamente a derogar parcialmente la Ley de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales para la Administración. En materia penal, la Tesis se decanta "a priori" por dos tipos penales, los delitos contra los derechos de los trabajadores, y el delito de trato degradante; sin embargo, en la práctica sólo este segundo es el camino que puede alcanzar buen puerto. Finalmente se realiza un estudio detallado de la Ley 62/2003, ley que se divulgó como reguladora del acoso moral, y que después se defiende como un avance frente al mobbing. La Tesis advierte que no es cierto ni lo uno, ni lo otro, habiendo creado un "espejismo legal" que puede perjudicar a las víctimas de mobbing, además de no servir su estructura para una futura regulación explícita antimobbing. ; The subject for research appeared in 2001, due to the need to face up to a new juridical reality, mobbing. The study of published material was decisive (basically from areas unrelated to law) but above all from interviews with victims of mobbing and mobbing associations; this situation together with an absence of a systematic international study, made it obligatory to teach oneself to provide mobbing with a juridical definition. This thesis defines mobbing as work environment pressure tending towards the self elimination of a worker through his or her denigration (tendentious work pressure). For the first time we have a definition of mobbing in a line and a half, with juridical validity, which can be memorised and therefore divulged, to correct the problem. The denominated "uniform mobbing concept" underlines the denigration as a mechanism against degrading treatment and underlines self elimination as the result of intentional acts. This study provides formulas to differentiate cases of mobbing from other similar situations. In this sense the "golden rule" must be cited to know if mobbing exists; from a statistical viewpoint many of those presented up to now are criticised methodologically and some have been provided in the tribunals, but above all a warning is given with regard to the juridical risks of a foreseeable specific anti-mobbing legislation, through the examination of the different definitions which have been put forward up to now. The second part of the thesis goes into depth over the amount of awareness of our laws and precedents and tribunals, to which end over 150 sentences on the subject have been studied, and of course all of those included in the publishers data bases. The analysis is used to form an appreciation of the adequacy of the system being defended, highlighting errors and contradictions. The thesis warns that tendentious work pressure, more than violating constitutional rights at work, or the fundamental rights to moral integrity or honour, is a transgression of a "constitutional spirit", and in this sense an analysis is made of both the possibility of making an application for the defence of basic constitutional rights, as well as a the right to indemnity for whoever confronts this situation. Signalling the advantages of carrying out this reaction of the safeguarding of the fundamental rights through the modality of legal process, the recurred action of "art. 50 ET", (Estatuto del Trabajador - Workers' Statute) is analysed, where attractive contributions such as time limits or the "doctrine of the antecedents" are made, and questions are provided with answers about the obligation to continue working and provisional proceedings. With regard to actions within the scope of the Social Security, the thesis distinguishes between temporary disability and permanent disability (depression) and death and survival, contributing to the first with the technique called "three level interpretation" and rejection of the possibility of considering suicide after mobbing as a professional accident by legal imperative, but providing a very reasonable substitute such as non professional accident. Together with this there is argument for the viability of the penalty of "art. 123 LGSS" (Ley General de la Seguridad Social - General Social Security Law). In terms of Civil Law, the thesis takes up the position of "de lege ferenda", to steer these types of compensatory actions for moral and psychological damages toward the civil order, for a greater explanation of the origin of the quantum, but above all considering inadmissible the "STS" (Sentencia del Tribunal Superior) 11-3-04 for a variety of arguments, but above all when authorising "de facto" these types of conducts. The possibility of taking administrative action against this psychosocial risk is analysed from a double viewpoint, the company and the administration. Whilst the legal river has some whirlpools which can be seen, the situation is radically frustrating in the case of the administration, where the greatest hotbed of mobbing exists, and this being because of "RD" (Real Decreto - Royal Decree) 707/2002, but even to a greater extent because of the "Criterio Técnico" (Technical Criterium) 34/2003 through which the Director General of Inspection of Work and Social Security has tacitly partially abolished the Law of Prevention of Professional Risks for the Administration. In terms of Criminal Law, the Thesis leans towards two criminal typologies, the offences against the rights of workers, and the offence of degrading treatment; however, in practice only the second option is the way to success. Finally a detailed study is made on Law 62/2003, a law which was issued as regulating moral harassment, and which later is defended as an advance against mobbing. The thesis advises that neither are true, having created a "legal mirage" which can negatively effect victims of mobbing, as well as not serving as a structure for a future explicit anti-mobbing regulation.
The article reveals the main problems of the development of light industry in the modern conditions and identifies the priority directions of innovation development of the industry in the conditions of globalization processes of the economy, the tendencies of innovation development of enterprises are grounded. The industry is under the influence of global processes, technological changes and crisis phenomena in the economy. The regional structure of enterprises has survived, the labor resources and the raw material base have been partially preserved. In recent years there has been a slight increase in the volume of industry production. According to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade: the total export growth in 2017 compared to the previous year was 43%; capital investment in the industry grew by more than 24%; total production increased by 6.3%; the volume of goods sold amounted to 23 billion game. Over the past few years, the industry has received insignificant impetus for the development of orders for military clothing and ammunition for the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, the search for ways of innovation development, which is capable of ensuring the improvement of the efficiency of enterprises in the industry, is a topical issue. Demand for light industry goods is constantly increasing. According to the experts of the Ukrainian population, he spends 30-40% of his monthly income on light industry goods, which are in high demand after food. Much of the textile, knitwear, garment, leather, footwear, fur new and used "second-hand" products are imported for import. In addition, many imported goods are not imported into the domestic market. According to the association "Ukrlegprom", Chinese, Turkish, Polish and other products of undetermined origin and dubious quality are massively sold without consideration and control. In 2017, imports from China, Turkey, Poland to Ukraine totaled $ 1079.1 million in groups 60-64 tons of foreign trade, and according to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, only $ 483.3 million. USA. That is, only from these countries in 2017 the Ukrainian market fell by 596 million dollars. US untapped imports of knitted fabrics, clothing, home textiles and footwear, and this is a loss of at least 5.3 billion UAH. duties and VAT. There are a number of problems for the industry: unequal competition in the domestic market; instability in tax legislation; imperfect control mechanism for product safety; the work of domestic enterprises on the customer's raw materials without the right to dispose of sewed things by themselves; low labor productivity; shortage of skilled workers; limited selection of raw materials, etc.To overcome obstacles to the development of the industry, state support of the industry is needed: creation of new enterprises; to provide an increase in the average salary of industry workers by 30%; adoption of 35 bills for business protection; introduction of preferential conditions for import of technological equipment; introduction of innovative technologies into production and management; attraction of funds for financing of priority innovation and investment programs for separate assortment groups of goods; improvement of dual professional training. ; У статті розкрито основні проблеми розвитку легкої промисловості у сучасних умовах та визначено пріоритетні напрями інноваційного розвитку підприємств галузі в умовах глобалізаційних процесів економіки, обґрунтовано тенденції інноваційного розвитку підприємств.Галузь перебуває під впливом глобальних процесів, технологічних змін і кризових явищ у економіці. Збереглася регіональна структура підприємств, частково збереглися трудові ресурси та сировинна база. За останні роки спостерігається незначне зростання обсягів виробництва галузі. За даними Мінекономрозвитку: загальне зростання експорту в 2017 році у порівнянні з попереднім роком становило 43%; капітальні інвестиції в галузь зросли більш, ніж на 24%; загальний обсяг виробництва зріс на 6,3%; обсяг реалізованих товарів склав 23 млрд. гри. За остання роки незначний поштовх розвитку отримала галузь за рахунок розміщення замовлень на військовий одяг і амуніцію для Збройних сил України. Тому пошук шляхів інноваційного розвитку, який спроможний забезпечити підвищення ефективності діяльності підприємств галузі є актуальною проблемою. Попит населення на товари легкої промисловості постійно зростає. За оцінкою експертів населення України витрачає 30-40% свого місячного доходу на товари легкої промисловості, які користуються широким попитом після продуктів харчування. Значна частина текстильної, трикотажної, швейної, шкіряної, взуттєвої, хутрової нової та вживаної «секонд-хенд» продукції ввозиться по імпорту. Окрім того на вітчизняний ринок ввозиться багато неврахованих імпортних товарів. За даними асоціації «Укрлегпром» китайські, турецькі, польські та інші товари невизначеного походження й сумнівної якості масово продаються без обліку і контролю. У 2017 році з Китаю, Туреччини, Польщі в Україну ввезено продукції на 1079,1 млн. дол.США за групами 60-64 ТН ЗЕД, а за даними Держстату України лише на 483,3 млн. дол. США. Тобто лише з цих країн у 2017 році на український ринок потрапило на 596 млн. дол. США неврахованого імпорту трикотажних полотен, одягу, домашнього текстилю і взуття, а це втрати щонайменше 5,3 млрд. грн. мита і ПДВ. Для підприємств галузі залишається ряд проблем: нерівні умови конкуренції на внутрішньому ринку; нестабільність в податковому законодавстві; недосконалий механізм контролю за безпекою продукції; робота вітчизняних підприємств на давальницькій сировині без права самостійно розпоряджатися пошитими речами; низька продуктивність праці; дефіцит кваліфікованих працівників; обмежений вибір сировини та ін. Для подолання перешкод розвитку галузі необхідна державна підтримка галузі: створення нових підприємств; забезпечення зростання середньої зарплати працівників галузі на 30%; прийняття 35 законопроектів для захисту бізнесу; введення пільгових умов імпорту технологічного обладнання; впровадження інноваційних технологій у виробництво і управління; залучення коштів для фінансування пріоритетних інноваційно-інвестиційних програм на окремі асортиментні групи товарів; покращення дуальної професійної підготовки.
Проаналізовано базові положення норм чинного законодавства, що регламентують діяльність органів державної влади, місцевого самоврядування та роботодавців у сфері охорони праці; сучасний стан вітчизняного державного регулювання у цій сфері, досліджено його організаційно-правові механізми. Запропоновано пріоритетні напрями удосконалення управління у сфері безпеки праці шляхом застосування інструментів управління ризиками. У контексті безпеки праці поглиблено визначення змісту поняття "ризик". ; Problem setting. The influence of safety on the indicators of the society's quality of life determines the need to improve management in the field of occupational safety through the use of risk management tools.The Ukrainian Law "On Occupational Safety" describes the main provisions regarding the implementation of the constitutional right of workers to protect their life and health in the process of work, as proper, safe and healthy working conditions; regulates the relations between the employer and the employee on safety, hygiene of work and the working environment with the participation of the relevant state authorities, as well as establishes a unified procedure for the organization of occupational safety in Ukraine. In particular, Section VI of this Law defines the structure and the power of state management of occupational safety, which forms a system that is a complex branching vertical. Such a structure that envisaged the rigorous regulatory impact of these authorities on employers for the purpose of implementation of the main principles of state policy in the field of occupational safety was effective enough in the conditions of a planned administrative economy. Existing Ukrainian occupational safety system is built on the principle of corrective rather than preventive actions when the response occurs in dangerous situations and situations that have already happened, but not directed to prevent such situations.Recent research and publications analysis. A significant contribution to solving topical issues of effective development of comprehensive measures to improve working conditions, development of the methods for monitoring the state of domestic occupational safety in Ukraine at the present stage was made by the following domestic researchers: V. D. Afanasyev, G.G. Gogitashvili, A. M. Amosha, and others. Researchers E. A. Bondarenko, V. M. Lapin, and N. V. Lutanyuk have dedicated their work to the issue of assessment and risk management. The works of V. D. Bakumenko, A. B. Kachinsky, and A. P. Rachinsky, deserve attention, as they are supplementing some aspects of using international experience in risk management in the system of public administration on the territory of Ukraine.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problems. At the same time, it should be noted that the development of effective tools for the state risk management in the field of labor safety has been given inadequate attention. Also, there is no unified scientific vision formed concerning the use in Ukraine of modern achievements of world methodology and standardization in managing risks.The purpose of the article is to study theoretical and methodological approaches to the construction of risk assessment systems as part of the state security policy work in the context of European integration of Ukraine.Paper main body. Nowadays, in many countries of the world, particularly, the European Union, the solution of issues of life safety and the health of workers is achieved through the management system, based on assessment and risk management. Consequently, for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of public management by the labor protection, in particular by bringing the regulatory framework in this area in line with modern requirements and legislation of the European Union, there is a necessity to reform all levels of the existing management system of the occupational safety in Ukraine by introducing a risk-oriented approach (risks management).However, as of today, there is no single definition of the concept of "risk", particularly its specifics in the field of occupational safety. The scientific community also does not have a single vision concerning the risk assessment as a management tool for controlling it.While depending on the professional level and the competence of the performers of the carried out work, the results of risks assessment are quite subjective. However, the results provide an opportunity to identify risks factors associated with labor protection, their correlation, and therefore there are being developed measures to minimize them.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. On the basis of the information above, one can conclude that the introduction of risks management concept is an important tool in the implementation of state policy in the field of occupational safety. Identification of hazards and risks assessment as a part of the public safety management system should be a continuous process, given the dynamic changes in external and internal conditions of functioning of the authorities. Simultaneously, the definition of the concept of "risk" in the context of occupational safety and doctrinal construction, fixed in the normative acts of Ukraine and the European Union, is a little bit different, although they have certain common features. Therefore, in order to form the integrated preventive approach to the workplace safety/protection in Ukraine, taking into account the standards of the European Union, there should be identified one of the tools of the system of risks management that will facilitate the improvement of safety and working conditions, which should be identified and established as a uniform criteria of acceptable risks for all types of the working activity. Due to the complexity and the ambiguity of the concept of "risk" in the context of occupational safety, its content disclosure requires additional analysis of the relevant components, defining the nature and content of which necessitates further scientific developments.
Проаналізовано базові положення норм чинного законодавства, що регламентують діяльність органів державної влади, місцевого самоврядування та роботодавців у сфері охорони праці; сучасний стан вітчизняного державного регулювання у цій сфері, досліджено його організаційно-правові механізми. Запропоновано пріоритетні напрями удосконалення управління у сфері безпеки праці шляхом застосування інструментів управління ризиками. У контексті безпеки праці поглиблено визначення змісту поняття "ризик". ; Problem setting. The influence of safety on the indicators of the society's quality of life determines the need to improve management in the field of occupational safety through the use of risk management tools.The Ukrainian Law "On Occupational Safety" describes the main provisions regarding the implementation of the constitutional right of workers to protect their life and health in the process of work, as proper, safe and healthy working conditions; regulates the relations between the employer and the employee on safety, hygiene of work and the working environment with the participation of the relevant state authorities, as well as establishes a unified procedure for the organization of occupational safety in Ukraine. In particular, Section VI of this Law defines the structure and the power of state management of occupational safety, which forms a system that is a complex branching vertical. Such a structure that envisaged the rigorous regulatory impact of these authorities on employers for the purpose of implementation of the main principles of state policy in the field of occupational safety was effective enough in the conditions of a planned administrative economy. Existing Ukrainian occupational safety system is built on the principle of corrective rather than preventive actions when the response occurs in dangerous situations and situations that have already happened, but not directed to prevent such situations.Recent research and publications analysis. A significant contribution to solving topical issues of effective development of comprehensive measures to improve working conditions, development of the methods for monitoring the state of domestic occupational safety in Ukraine at the present stage was made by the following domestic researchers: V. D. Afanasyev, G.G. Gogitashvili, A. M. Amosha, and others. Researchers E. A. Bondarenko, V. M. Lapin, and N. V. Lutanyuk have dedicated their work to the issue of assessment and risk management. The works of V. D. Bakumenko, A. B. Kachinsky, and A. P. Rachinsky, deserve attention, as they are supplementing some aspects of using international experience in risk management in the system of public administration on the territory of Ukraine.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problems. At the same time, it should be noted that the development of effective tools for the state risk management in the field of labor safety has been given inadequate attention. Also, there is no unified scientific vision formed concerning the use in Ukraine of modern achievements of world methodology and standardization in managing risks.The purpose of the article is to study theoretical and methodological approaches to the construction of risk assessment systems as part of the state security policy work in the context of European integration of Ukraine.Paper main body. Nowadays, in many countries of the world, particularly, the European Union, the solution of issues of life safety and the health of workers is achieved through the management system, based on assessment and risk management. Consequently, for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of public management by the labor protection, in particular by bringing the regulatory framework in this area in line with modern requirements and legislation of the European Union, there is a necessity to reform all levels of the existing management system of the occupational safety in Ukraine by introducing a risk-oriented approach (risks management).However, as of today, there is no single definition of the concept of "risk", particularly its specifics in the field of occupational safety. The scientific community also does not have a single vision concerning the risk assessment as a management tool for controlling it.While depending on the professional level and the competence of the performers of the carried out work, the results of risks assessment are quite subjective. However, the results provide an opportunity to identify risks factors associated with labor protection, their correlation, and therefore there are being developed measures to minimize them.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. On the basis of the information above, one can conclude that the introduction of risks management concept is an important tool in the implementation of state policy in the field of occupational safety. Identification of hazards and risks assessment as a part of the public safety management system should be a continuous process, given the dynamic changes in external and internal conditions of functioning of the authorities. Simultaneously, the definition of the concept of "risk" in the context of occupational safety and doctrinal construction, fixed in the normative acts of Ukraine and the European Union, is a little bit different, although they have certain common features. Therefore, in order to form the integrated preventive approach to the workplace safety/protection in Ukraine, taking into account the standards of the European Union, there should be identified one of the tools of the system of risks management that will facilitate the improvement of safety and working conditions, which should be identified and established as a uniform criteria of acceptable risks for all types of the working activity. Due to the complexity and the ambiguity of the concept of "risk" in the context of occupational safety, its content disclosure requires additional analysis of the relevant components, defining the nature and content of which necessitates further scientific developments.
Under its Health in Africa Initiative, IFC intended to conduct a country assessment of the private health sector in Mali, working in close collaboration with the World Bank and the Government of Mali.The Core objective of the Mali Country Assessment Report was to work closely with the Government of Mali and Development partners to develop recommendations for a reform program to strengthen the existing policy framework for the public-private interface in the health sector and to improve the delivery of health related goods and services for all Malians.As part of this, the purpose of the book wa
[spa] La presente investigación tiene como finalidad analizar las múltiples experiencias de dos grupos mujeres jóvenes profesionales y los procesos específicos que dan lugar a su emergencia como figuras condicionadas social, cultural, geográfica en un momento históricamente definido. Entendiendo que ningún sujeto es ajeno a sus condiciones históricas concretas, el planteamiento empírico de esta tesis viene dado por el análisis etnográfico de dos grupos de enfoque en el área urbana de Barcelona (España) y Puebla (México). Por medio de la observación de distintas variables tales como la trayectoria educativa, experiencia profesional, el grado de devoción al trabajo, las relaciones familiares y/o de pareja, las estrategias de conciliación, entre otros; entenderemos como estas mujeres bajo la prescripción de "mujeres profesionales" afrontan fallos, dan la cara a conflictos, manejan tiempos y dominan o ceden espacios. En esta dirección, buscamos dar cuenta —desde los aportes teóricos de los estudios feministas sobre la división sexual del trabajo, la estructuración de las relaciones de clase y los análisis de reproducción social— de la importancia de comprender a la clase y el género cómo dos principios organizadores de la vida social. El abordaje, no viene dado por la observación del trabajo remunerado de las mujeres y su aportación a la economía familiar sino más bien, la participación en el trabajo remunerado como fuente de autonomía individual y como conformador de identidad de un grupo concreto de mujeres que por coyuntura histórica tiene la potencialidad de mayores posibilidades emancipatorias. Nuestros hallazgos dejan ver que el éxito en la construcción de una trayectoria laboral no es casual pues se encuentra en función de los recursos disponibles, ni neutral pues responde en distintos grados al género. Son los arreglos de las familias de origen en conjunción con los discursos y prácticas hegemónicas en el espacio social especifico los que median las formas de acceso de las mujeres a las altas jerarquías laborales, sin embargo aunque se trate de un fenómeno similar posee distintas expresiones. Por un lado, para un grupo, descubrimos cómo la mano de obra femenina más cualificada se configura a través de retóricas individualistas de corte neoliberal como un sujeto perfecto para ser explotado. Al catalogar las elecciones de las mujeres como "racionales", se deja de cuestionar las exigencias prácticas y morales de dos esquemas de trabajo que hacen que la combinación entre carrera y familia sean incompatibles, lo que conduce inevitablemente a la reproducción de formas tradicionales de género. Por otro lado, para otro grupo encontramos la existencia de una compleja fusión de intereses individuales y afectivos con el grupo familiar de origen. Para las mujeres jóvenes de este grupo resulta complicado crear un escenario alejado de los lineamientos del clan familiar. Sin embargo, es gracias a estas robustas y variadas relaciones que las mujeres logran escalar de forma más rápida la jerarquía laboral. En ambos casos observamos que a pesar de la transformación en las oportunidades de las mujeres existe la persistencia de la división sexual del trabajo incluso en espacios pensados como neutrales o en aquellos grupos considerados como más instruidos. ; [eng] This research aims to analyze the multiple experiences of two groups of young professional women and the specific processes that lead to their emergence as socially, culturally, geographically, and historically conditioned figures. Understanding that the subjects cannot be isolated from their historical conditions, the empirical approach is determined by the ethnographic analysis of two focus groups in Barcelona (Spain) and Puebla (Mexico). Beyond perceiving the labor market as a whole, shaped under the same characteristics, we also focus on observing it as a place marked by the forces of local traditions, which includes different power relations, culture, politics, etc. This process has constituted a "new model of woman" that is evaluated differently from its predecessors with regard to life at home and in the workplace. In this sense, Puebla and Barcelona are transnational spaces in which professional women find themselves within the multiple forces of global capital and the traditional culture of gender binaries. Our findings reveal that success in building a career path is not casual and it depends of the available resources. It is also not neutral as it depends in varying degrees on gender. The multiple arrangements from the families of origin in parallel with the hegemonic practices in their specific social space, mediate the forms of access of these women to high labor hierarchies. This phenomenon has different expressions. In one group of women, we discovered how highly qualified women workers are configured through individualistic neoliberal rhetoric as perfect subjects to be exploited. By labeling the many elections of women as "rational", it is left to question the moral and practical demands of two schemes of work that make the combination between career and family to be incompatible, which inevitably leads to the reproduction of traditional forms of gender. In the other group, we find the existence of a complex fusion of individual and affective interests within the entire extended family. For the young women in this group is difficult to create a scenario away from the guidelines of the family clan. Paradoxically, it is thanks to these robust and varied family relationships that these women are able to climb faster in the labor hierarchy. In both cases we note that despite the change in the opportunities for women there is a persistent sexual division of labor even in areas considered to be neutral or in those groups perceived to be more educated.
The integration and inclusion of persons under international protection (i.e. persons granted asylum and refugees) into society proceeds through their contacts and interactions with institutions and residents in local communities where their reception and accommodation have been organised. In this process, the achievement of social, economic, cultural and all other dimensions of integration in local communities is facilitated by the activities of different national and local stakeholders in the integration system. Creating the conditions for Croatian citizens to familiarize themselves with refugees requires joint efforts by all system stakeholders and engagement to inform citizens and raise their awareness about the presence, rights and obligations of persons under protection, with a view to preventing and mitigating any negative manifestations of discrimination, exclusion and marginalisation, and to ensuring that persons under international protection become accepted and integrated members of local communities and society as a whole. With this in mind, this research has analysed capacities and challenges, and assessed the resources and needs of local and regional self-government units given their past or future experience with the reception and integration of persons under protection. Furthermore, this research has also identified the attitudes of Croatian citizens towards persons under protection and their readiness for the reception and integration of persons granted asylum in their local communities.The general purpose of the project is to support units of local (cities, towns and municipalities) and regional (counties) self-government in identifying the needs and challenges of integrating third-country nationals in need of international protection. To achieve the purpose of this research, both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies have been used. As a result, it was conducted as mixed-method research, that is, as two correlated studies. The quantitative segment of the research pertains to its first goal, which was to identify the attitudes of Croatian citizens and their readiness for the acceptance and integration of third-country nationals granted international protection in the Republic of Croatia, while its qualitative segment refers to the second research goal, to identify the needs of local and regional self-government units in the process of integrating third-country nationals granted international protection in the Republic of Croatia as well as the challenges they encounter or will encounter when it comes to the integration of persons granted asylum into Croatian society. The third research goal, to prepare checklists for assessment of needs and challenges of integration for local and regional self-government units and for persons granted international protection, has been achieved by synthesising the findings reached under the previous two goals and by preparing two checklists. One is intended for heads and staff of LSGUs and RGSUs so that they can assess the existing needs, resources and capacities of their communities in terms of planning and implementation of integration activities. The other is designed for persons granted asylum and serves for the self-assessment of their needs and the extent to which they are met. Accordingly, the starting point for tool selection and elaboration is the multidimensional concept of integration of aliens into the host society, which is focused on the processes and dimensions of integration of persons under international protection (either with full asylum or subsidiary protection status) into Croatian society as a whole, but also into individual local communities in Croatian regions covered by this research.Due to the specific character of the quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches, the report describes methodological aspects and results separately, first for the quantitative study conducted by a survey of citizen's attitudes towards the integration of persons under national protection, and then for the qualitative study of needs and challenges faced by local communities in the integration process. The target group of survey participants covered by the research was defined so as to include citizens living in selected counties (regional self-government units) and towns and municipalities (local self-government units). In order to form a sample of participants for the purposes of this research, Croatia was broken down into four regions: Eastern, Central and North-Western, Littoral and Istrian, and Dalmatian regions. In each region, the sample came to include between two and five counties (a total of 12) and between three and five towns (a total of 15). The Eastern Region encompassed the counties of Osijek-Baranja, Vukovar-Srijem and Požega-Slavonski Brod. The Central and North-Western Region included the City of Zagreb as well as the countries of Zagreb, Sisak-Moslavina, Bjelovar-Bilogora and Varaždin. The Littoral and Istrian Region covered Primorje-Gorski Kotar and Istria counties. The Region of Dalmatia consisted of Zadar and Split-Dalmatia counties.In the selected towns, the size of the sample was proportionate to the size of the town within its region, with the participants in each town selected by probability sampling. The sample of citizens aged 18 to 65 included 318 persons in each region, and probability sampling – together with the use of two levels of purposively selected clusters (region and town) – ensured that the sample structure, in terms of its socio-demographic profile, reflects the characteristics of the region's population, according to publicly available statistics. The sample formed in this manner and its size (N = 1,272) allowed inter-regional comparisons with regard to the relevant characteristics of the participants and measured constructs. Data were gathered using the CAPI (Computer Aided Personal Interviewing) method, in the period from 14 May to 10 June 2018. The response rate was 57%, which is quite high given the type of research in question.The survey questionnaire contained 67 items forming the following constructs and scales: (1) Attitude towards persons granted asylum; (2) Perception of realistic threat; (3) Perception of symbolic threat; (4) Support for the rights of persons granted asylum; (5) Perception of negative changes in the community; (6) Readiness to assist persons granted asylum; (7) Frequency of contacts with persons granted asylum; (8) Quality of contacts with persons granted asylum; (9) Sources of information about persons granted asylum; (10) Media portrayal of persons granted asylum; (11) Social proximity to persons granted asylum; (12) Attitude towards forms of acculturation; (13) Estimated number of persons granted asylum; (14) Change in the number of persons granted asylum; (15) Socio-demographic profile of participants. The scales used in this questionnaire show very good metric characteristics: a Cronbach's alpha internal reliability coefficient ranging from 0.77 to 0.93 and a clear construct validity and single-factor structure.The collected data were subject to a series of statistical analyses, including descriptive calculation of statistics (range, frequency, median measures, variability measures) at the levels of the aggregate sample and each region as well as inter-regional comparisons of the results derived from the measured constructs (variance analyses, t-tests, chi-squared tests). Also, by using regression analysis, a model was set to predict two forms of behavioural intentions among host populations: (1) readiness for social relations with asylum beneficiaries at different levels of proximity; and (2) readiness to help persons granted asylum in their integration. These two forms of behavioural intentions served as criterion variables, which were predicted on the basis of a set of predictors that included the participants' individual attributes (socio-demographic variables and regional affiliation), their religious and political orientation, their opinion about the number of asylum beneficiaries to be received by the country in future and about their social adjustment strategies (i.e. about acculturation strategies), their frequency of contacts with persons granted asylum and their perception of threats and expected changes in the community caused by the arrival of persons granted asylum (i.e. perceptions of realistic and symbolic threats, and expectations of negative changes in the community).The average results obtained on the aggregate sample show that, when it comes to attitudes towards persons granted asylum, the respondents express attitudes that are, on average, neutral. However, when assessing their perception of threat, they seem to feel a slight realistic threat, and a somewhat stronger symbolic threat. The participants also express what is, on average, a neutral attitude regarding the expected negative changes in the community. As for their readiness to help asylum beneficiaries personally, the participants are also neutral, stating they are not sure of their readiness in this regard, but showing a slight support for the rights of asylum beneficiaries. Concerning the frequency of contacts with persons granted asylum, slightly more than half of the participants (52.1%) reported that they had such contacts, describing them, on average, neutrally – as neither positive nor negative. Among those who reported such contacts, the majority stated that they were rare.The data collected clearly show that the mass media (print and online news outlets, television and radio) are the most common source of information for Croatian citizens – more than 90% of citizens receive information about persons granted asylum in this way. These are followed by social media, which are used as a source of information about asylum beneficiaries by nearly half of the participants (45.8%). It has been established that citizens deem the media portrayal of asylum beneficiaries slightly negative.As for social proximity, the participants are, on average, ready to accept persons granted asylum as their fellow workers or neighbours, where it is obvious that the citizens are, for the time being, not ready for the closest relations with asylum beneficiaries, although nearly 61% would be ready for friendly relations.The participants were also asked about acceptable acculturation strategies, that is, about how persons granted asylum should approach the Croatian culture and maintenance of their own culture. The majority of participants (70.7%) chose integration as the preferred acculturation strategy (both maintaining their own culture and accepting the culture of the host country). About one fifth of the participants champion assimilation as the preferred acculturation strategy; i.e. they expect persons granted asylum to relinquish their specific culture and accept only that of their host country. Separation, that it, the opinion that persons granted asylum should maintain only their own culture without accepting Croatian culture, is upheld by 3.7% of the participants. Looking at acculturation strategies as a continuum (from assimilation, through integration, to separation, or vice versa), the participants on average tend to support cultural integration of persons granted asylum.When it comes to estimating the number of persons granted asylum at the time of survey, only one fifth of the participants made a more or less accurate estimate. Somewhat more than a fourth of participants underestimated the actual number of asylum beneficiaries, whereas almost half of them overestimated the number of cases of granted asylum. These results are consistent with the replies regarding preferred projections of the number of asylum beneficiaries in the future. Specifically, the majority of participants (45.8%) feel that their number should remain the same, only slightly fewer are those who would reduce it (45.6%), while less than a tenth holds that the future number of asylum beneficiaries in Croatia should go up.The analysis of regional differences demonstrates that the least positive attitudes towards persons granted asylum, the highest perception of both realistic and symbolic threats, the lowest support for the rights of asylum beneficiaries, the highest expectations of negative changes, and the lowest readiness to assist are present among participants in the Dalmatian Region. It is followed by the Eastern Region, and then the Littoral and Central Regions, where these attitudes are more positive. The frequency of contacts with persons granted asylum is low in all the regions, with the lowest levels reported in the Eastern and Dalmatian regions. However, there are no regional differences in the quality of contacts, as it is everywhere seen as neutral. Readiness for close contacts is the lowest in Dalmatia, followed by the Eastern Region, with its highest levels reported in the Littoral and Central regions. The citizens of all regions choose integration as their preferred acculturation strategy, while participants in Dalmatia divided their preferences between assimilation and integration. The number of asylum beneficiaries is mistakenly estimated in all regions. Indeed, it is overestimated everywhere except the Eastern Region, where the figure is underestimated. Furthermore, while the citizens of the Central and Littoral regions would prefer to keep the future number of asylum beneficiaries at the same level, those in the Eastern and Dalmatian regions are keener to reduce it. When predicting the readiness for social proximity with asylum beneficiaries, the key predictors include the attitude towards the number of asylum beneficiaries in the future and acculturation strategies. The readiness for a higher level of proximity is demonstrated by those citizens who feel that the future number of asylum beneficiaries should be increased, as well as those who champion integration. The predictors of marginal importance include practising religion, where the participants who do not declare themselves as practicing believers tend to be ready for a higher level of proximity with persons granted asylum, as well as the perception of symbolic threat and the fear of negative changes in the community, where those who perceive a higher symbolic threat from asylum beneficiaries and expect more negative changes in the community due to the arrival of persons granted asylum tend to be ready for a lower level of proximity with them. These results generally apply to all of the four regions.When it comes to predicting the readiness to assist asylum beneficiaries personally, it can also be said that – allowing for minor regional particularities – the key factors include the participants' opinion that the number of asylum beneficiaries should increase in the future and, again, the perception of a higher symbolic and realistic threat. Those participants who feel that the future number of asylum beneficiaries should increase are readier to help, whereas those whose perception of threat from asylum beneficiaries is higher are also less prepared to assist them personally. Another highly significant predictor is the frequency of contacts with persons granted asylum. Those participants who reported more frequent contacts with asylum beneficiaries are also more prepared to assist them. Finally, the variables of marginal significance include gender and political orientation, where women and those on the left side of the political spectrum would be readier to help asylum beneficiaries.The conducted regression analyses show that the most frequent predictors for both criteria (social proximity and readiness for personal assistance) include the perception of symbolic and realistic threat, expectation of negative changes in the community due to the arrival of asylum beneficiaries, opinion that the future number of asylum beneficiaries in Croatia should be increased and the choice of integration as the preferred acculturation strategy. It follows that a more favourable attitude of Croatian citizens can be expected if they feel less threatened by persons granted asylum, that is, if they understand that their arrival does not pose a threat to the existing identity and culture nor jeopardise the resources of local communities, if they expect less negative changes in their communities due to the arrival of asylum beneficiaries, if they think that the number of asylum beneficiaries in Croatia needs to be increased in the future, and if they believe that integration is the acculturation strategy appropriate for Croatia.The second part of this research deals with the assessment of needs and challenges which are or will be encountered by LSGUs and RSGUs, and also of the capacities and resources required for integration with regard to the current or anticipated accommodation and stay of asylum beneficiaries in their local communities.This part of the research was conducted through a series of interviews and focus groups with different stakeholders in the integration system, which are in one way or another involved in or will in future be responsible for the processes of reception and integration of persons granted asylum. Stakeholders from LSGU and RSGU include representatives from county-level and town-level public authorities and various professional institutions, while the CSO stakeholders include representatives from the non-governmental sector, religious organisations and civic initiatives. The perspectives of integration processes were, whenever possible, complemented with those of asylum beneficiaries in the local communities in which they live. For sampling purposes, a list of 30 units (9 counties and 21 towns) was drawn up, taking into account the criteria of regional representation, town size, experience with the integration of asylum beneficiaries and available state-owned housing units. Along with the four regions, the City of Zagreb was taken separately as it considerably differs from other regions in terms of the number of integration stakeholders and capacities, as well as the number of asylum beneficiaries it hosts. The persons included in the sample had the attributes of schoolants based on their role and office they held, their experience and knowledge of the needs and challenges relating to the integration of asylum beneficiaries in local communities. In keeping with the principle of maximising the variability of key informants, a total of 168 interviews and four focus groups were conducted with 227 participants, including 26 interviews with persons granted asylum. Once all of the methodological requirements were met in the process of qualitative-data gathering, 158 transcripts obtained from 216 interviewees were subjected to analysis. The other transcripts did not contain any useful information because some interviewees were totally uninformed about the topic of the research. Of the total number of analysed transcripts, 143 contain data obtained from 191 representatives of municipalities, towns and counties, state-administration offices at the county-level, professional institutions and the civil sector, while 15 transcripts of interviews and focus groups contained information obtained from 26 asylum beneficiaries. The analysis made it possible to identify some specific features of statements made by representatives of the selected local communities about their needs, challenges, opportunities and expectations. A comparison has been made among the four regions and the City of Zagreb, and similarities and differences have been analysed among statements made by stakeholders from different sectors.The results for all regions (except the City of Zagreb) equally suggest that most of the integration-system stakeholders from LSGUs and RSGUs (towns, municipalities and counties) generally had no direct experience of contacts and work with persons granted asylum or, if they had, then they encountered asylum beneficiaries in rare, individual cases. On the other hand, interlocutors from Zagreb recounted and described experiences of direct and immediate encounters with persons granted asylum, mostly through participation in projects with SCOs and the OHRRNM, while CSOs in all the regions have very little direct experience with asylum beneficiaries. A large portion of LSGUs and RSGUs in each region state that they are not aware of the Action Plan for Integration, or are aware of it only partly, or since a short time ago. Stakeholders in various sectors and regions have not developed their own action plans and protocols for integration, independent of the Action Plan. Professional institutions do not have their own plans either, but many of them perform tasks relating to the integration of persons granted asylum as part of their daily work and remit, and some have their own internal prodecural protocols, most often based on their previous experience with marginalised groups or guidelines from relevant ministries. All stakeholders in all regions agree that the lack of funding poses a serious structural constraint and that allocations for integration activities should be increased. They stress that the entire budget is centralised and that they lack special resources earmarked for integration, noting, however, that budget allocations could be repurposed or activated if and when the need arises.When it comes to understanding the importance and indicators of successful integration, there are no major differences between either sectors or regions. As far as the key dimension of integration is concerned, all stakeholders across all regions highlight communication, that is, learning the Croatian language, as a crucial prerequisite for all other aspects of integration, especially for the inclusion of children in the education system, participation of adults in the labour market, addressing housing issues and, generally, enabling asylum beneficiaries to get along in local communities. In the Central Region, professional institutions claim that integration could also be facilitated by the community's experience with refugees during the Croatian War, and the history of coexistence with national minorities. In the Central Region, they feel that integration would be more successful if asylum beneficiaries were accommodated within the community rather than isolated, and if they were provided with appropriate care and inclusion in community life. All stakeholders across all regions voice some sort of concern because, when it comes to the accommodation of persons granted asylum, they expect negative reactions from the host population due to cultural and religious differences, especially in smaller communities, with the general opinion being that larger towns would be readier to accept asylum beneficiaries. Interlocutors in Zagreb are the most critical of the local community as a favourable environment for integration, with professional institutions stating that negative sentiments are the greatest problem, stemming primarily from fear of the unknown among the local population. Nonetheless, almost all of the interviewed asylum beneficiaries highlight the positive experiences they had with their acceptance in local communities, noting, however, that it took a while for them to feel accepted by their neighbours. Only three out of 26 interlocutors report having negative experiences upon their arrival in the community, consisting mainly of unpleasant verbal comments. Persons granted asylum generally do not see any major cultural barriers to their life in Croatia, but in their view the integration system is not well-organised and includes some contradictions.At the intraregional level alone, and particularly at the interregional level, the integration stakeholders from different local communities show considerable differences when estimating the integration capacity of their communities. The majority of LSGUs believe that organising language courses falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Science and Education, expressing concerns about the duration of courses (too few lessons) and uncertainties about their funding, while RSGUs also stress their lack of human and logistic capacities to organise courses. Professional institutions shift the responsibility for organizing courses to administrative bodies – from the local, through the regional, to the national levels. Only representatives of Zagreb-based SCOs report more direct involvement in the organisation of courses – some of them offer them in a formalised manner, and others through voluntary engagement. As to the inclusion in the education system, most stakeholders stress the problem of slow-moving administration and emphasize the heavy teaching workload, suggesting that there is a need for additional teachers as well as the necessity to work additionally with asylee children. Further difficulties mentioned are related to the lack of personal documents and the issue of recognising diplomas and previously acquired qualifications. In the Littoral and Central regions, they also highlight a lack of interpreters and teaching assistants, over which they have no control, but depend on the relevant ministry.Most of stakeholders from LSGUs and RSGUs are actually unaware of the existing accommodation capacity because they do not own any housing units or have already allocated all they had to beneficiaries from certain social categories. They see a possible solution in the conversion of the existing vacant buildings or renting of private flats, where they report problems with landlords, i.e. the unwillingness of landlords to let out their flats to accommodate persons granted asylum and the high rents they impose. Persons granted asylum are mostly concerned about their initial accommodation in reception centres, with which they were partially (dis)satisfied and, in addition to prejudice by landlords, the interlocutors also stressed high prices. In their local communities, asylum beneficiaries have been recognised as a desirable workforce in sectors with labour shortfalls. The LSGU representatives stress the need for a skilled workforce in the construction and public works sectors and, in the Eastern Region, agriculture. In addition to feeling that employers should be informed of opportunities to hire asylum beneficiaries, LSGUs are somewhat keener to consider potential retraining and additional training schemes as well as efforts to overcome the language barrier, referring to professional services which should take over that task. Many see the opportunities to employ asylum beneficiaries primarily in low-skill and ancillary jobs, such as kitchen or warehouse assistants and so forth. While the asylum beneficiaries themselves are highly motivated to take part in the labour market, since they see employment as a key prerequisite to gaining independence, they are aware of the economic situation in Croatia and do not want to become a public charge, but rather an active and productive segment of the society.Almost all interlocutors attach great importance to public information and awareness-raising campaigns, and most of them also recognise the role of the media in this process and believe that it is extremely important to get the local population acquainted with good practices and examples of successful efforts to integrate asylum beneficiaries, and to inform them about their culture and customs. This would prevent the development of prejudice and discrimination, where the LSGU representatives often see their role in such efforts unlike RSGUs, among which only a few recognise it. Professional institutions also leave the role of awareness raising to the media and, for the time being, carry out awareness-raising activities in the form of workshops and cultural events mainly with support from CSOs in Zagreb. The training of staff members and professionals has also been stressed as extremely important, yet largely non-existent in most institutions, offices and organisations.Nearly all interviewees from all regions agree that asylum beneficiaries have been provided with adequate social welfare, just like all of its other beneficiaries. Some of the representatives of LSGUs and professional institutions from the Dalmatian and Eastern Regions noted that asylum beneficiaries were not supposed to be singled out, that is, afforded greater rights and priorities than domestic social-welfare beneficiaries. All local communities feel that asylum beneficiaries have been provided with adequate health-care, but the interviewees highlight a lack of physicians and the overload of the health system, as well as communications. When it comes to providing adequate social welfare and health care, a common problem stressed in all regions is the insufficient capacity of institutions, while other aggravating circumstances include slow systems, uninformed staff members, shortcomings in the monitoring of asylum beneficiaries, uncertainties about the financing of health-care services and lack of coordination between different stakeholders. The same issues are also reported by the asylum beneficiaries themselves.Professional institutions have, for the most part, already established cooperation with almost all stakeholders involved in the integration process. In this context, they most often point out line ministries, as well as significant cooperation with CSOs. Only the Central Region (including Zagreb) highlights the existing cooperation with LSGUs and the OHRRNM, or with international organisations. The LSGU and RSGU representatives are somewhat more likely to expect more significant engagement by and cooperation with CSOs, which they consider more capable of writing projects and mobilising funds for work with asylum beneficiaries or count on their human resources. Some professional institutions are also focused on inter-city and inter-county cooperation, for example, with other social-welfare centres, in order to compare their experiences and share good practices. The SCO stakeholders state national and local authorities make insufficient use of the capacity and experience of local SCOs.All stakeholders criticize administration primarily because of the lack of timely and transparent exchanges of information, given that they are perceived as responsible for the entire system. Stakeholders in local communities feel that they operate without specific guidelines and decisions, everything being left to improvisation. Professional institutions hold that the measures defined in the Action Plan are not applicable to the realities in the field, stressing that the system is not prepared to respond to current challenges and needs such as, for instance, securing accommodation and interpreters. There is also concern about the duplication of work by different institutions and organisations, and shifting responsibilities to CSOs. It has been stressed that a protocol in needed which would contain descriptions and guidelines for the implementation of steps in the integration of persons granted asylum, which should define the sequence of implementing integration measures, those in charge of their implementation, including their responsibilities, as well as the forms of their cooperation. Such a protocol and guidelines would enable LSGUs and RSGUs to rely on these documents in their work and to act in compliance therewith. All stakeholders emphasize the need to receive timely and reliable information about the number, structure and time of arrival of persons granted asylum in their areas because this information is crucial for them to be able to prepare themselves for different aspects of their integration. A distribution plan is a document cited by all self-government units as essential to launch preparations for the asylum beneficiaries, in accordance with the aforementioned protocol.All stakeholders highlight interpreters and cultural mediators as a very pressing need in all regions. It has been stressed that interpreters should be professionally trained, rather than semi-skilled individuals or family members, let alone children. All stakeholders realize that securing housing is a key prerequisite for the reception and integration of persons granted asylum, and that it falls within the remit of the central government, rather than the local community. The Eastern and Dalmatian Regions place special emphasis on the need to provide adequate accommodation for unaccompanied children under international protection. Also, all integration stakeholders feel that efforts are needed to speed up administrative procedures because there is a gap between what has been set forth in legislation and what can really be implemented due to technical barriers, including children's registration in school e-registers, medical records, access to Croatian language learning, and verification of previously acquired qualifications and job competencies which is a requirement for education or employment. To achieve all this, sound intersectorial cooperation is required.The integration stakeholders in all regions show a clear need to prepare, raise the awareness of and train the staff directly involved in the integration process for contacts with and providing services to persons granted asylum. Since professional institutions are places of direct and on-going contacts with asylum beneficiaries, there is a need for continuous training of their professional staff. The training of all integration stakeholders should include learning about the culture and customs of asylum beneficiaries and it should be based on the principles of intercultural communication. In some professional institutions whose staff are engaged in direct and intense work with families of asylum beneficiaries, such as counselling and psychosocial support, there is an increased need for continuous mental-health care and stress prevention among staff members through supervision and professional support.Given that they believe that the responsibility for integrating persons granted asylum rests primarily with the state, a number of LGSUs, professional institutions and some CSOs expect the state to bear the related costs. The LSGUs in the Central Region see the opportunity to secure funding by applying for EU projects and drawing money from EU funds. In the Dalmatian Region, the LSGUs expect the state to issue fewer instructions, and to focus more on direct care for asylum beneficiaries. At the LSGU level, help in meeting community needs in the integration process and their own efforts is expected from the Government of the RoC, primarily the OHRRNM as the central coordinating body. Some RSGUs believe that they will successfully carry out all tasks imposed by law and those received from the competent state authorities, and that they will tackle problems only once asylum beneficiaries arrive in their territory. LSGUs and RSGUs see their role in coordinating different integration process stakeholders, such as professional institutions and CSOs, at the town and county levels. Some LSGUs also see their role in supporting other stakeholders when they lack capacity in the integration process, and in networking with other institutions within the community. In this context, they stress their role in providing information to asylum beneficiaries and improving intersectorial cooperation because they "have a good overview of the activities of different services." Some LSGUs feel that a person should be assigned to each integration stakeholder as its key informant about how asylum beneficiaries can exercise their rights.The LSGUs see their key contribution to integration in their efforts to raise the awareness of and inform the public about the arrival of persons granted asylum and the process of their integration, being aware there resistance to their arrival in some communities. In the Eastern Region, they warn that greater resistance to the arrival of asylum beneficiaries may be expected in communities that are traditionally more closed and host a larger number of immigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were forced to leave their homes due to armed conflicts with the Muslims. In the Central and Littoral regions and the City of Zagreb, they believe that the experience they have with proven integration mechanisms for socially vulnerable groups, referring to members of the Roma national minority, will help them in the process of integrating asylum beneficiaries. The LSGUs feel they can also directly support integration efforts by providing initial financial assistance to asylum beneficiaries, helping in the process of their reception and accommodation, offering aid such as food and toiletries, facilitating children's inclusion in educational institutions, covering their kindergarten costs (Eastern and Littoral regions, Zagreb), as well as helping asylum beneficiaries to find employment. Professional institutions will address integration as part of their daily activities, by providing services for persons granted asylum as well as any other beneficiaries. The LSGUs, RSGUs and professional institutions see the important role of CSOs in complementing services provided to asylum beneficiaries by professional institutions. Most of the CSOs plan to expand their present activities to meet the specific needs of asylums beneficiaries, and represent a major integration potential for local communities, highlighting their networks of volunteers as a key asset in work with persons granted asylum. The CSOs feel that a coordination mechanism should be put in place at the LSGU level so as to bring together all the stakeholders, including the civil sector, and ensure transparent financing of services for asylum beneficiaries.Croatia has few communities with any reception and integration experience and most of the local communities covered by this research have not considered or prepared themselves for this challenge. Yet, the integration stakeholders in all units included in this research stress that they crucially need timely and reliable information about the plans for the arrival and distribution of persons granted asylum, and that information from the relevant ministries, particularly from the OHRRNM, will enable them to launch preparations for integration activities and possible reception of asylum beneficiaries. Finally, the recommendations derived from this research will facilitate improvements in policies and practices for the integration of persons under international protection, making it easier and less painful to achieve the objectives stemming from Croatia's commitments as an EU member state, as well as its legislation and action plans of the Government of the RoC.
