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Abstract: Inflicting virtual violence on others violates internalized moral norms of social interaction and therefore usually triggers feelings of moral distress. However, people play and enjoy violent media, especially violent video games (VVG) in which they commit violent acts. In two experimental studies, we tested why people enjoy violent media and whether personality-related factors like the Dark Tetrad (i.e., Machiavellianism, everyday sadism, psychopathy, and narcissism) play a role in it. In Study 1 ( N = 313, online experiment), watching a violent video game clip or reading a violent text led to greater moral distress than watching a non-violent video. Although Dark Tetrad, VVG preference, and moral disengagement were all positively associated, none of these factors moderated moral distress. In Study 2 ( N = 69, laboratory experiment), participants either played a violent or a non-violent game version. Again, game violence led to comparably greater moral distress. However, in contrast to Study 1 in which participants only watched violent media, Dark Tetrad now significantly moderated the relationship between condition and moral distress. Participants with low Dark Tetrad expressions experienced significantly greater moral distress in the violent condition. Generally, participants with more gaming experience felt less morally distressed after gameplay than inexperienced participants. The present findings corroborate the moral implications of experiencing media violence and the important role of personality-related factors, thus further illustrating the complexity of mechanisms underlying violent media effects.

Abstract
In their recent book Buchanan and Powell claim that there is moral progress. Their analysis focuses on increasing inclusiveness, yet they also suggest other dimensions as possible indicators-improvements in the concept of morality and refinements in moral motivation. In the following I present empirical data on changes in moral understanding that occurred during the second half of the 20th century in Germany. These changes concern an increasing delimitation of the moral realm, the rise of an ethics of responsibility, the displacement of an orientation to super ego dictates by a more ego-syntonic type of moral motivation. This research largely follows the 'cognitivist' paradigm which I start off defending against Haidt's counter proposal of moral intuitionism. Feasible explanatory factors for the changes documented are put forward-processes of secularization and changes in socialization styles-and their interpretation as indicators of moral progress is discussed. The paper ends with brief speculations concerning possible reasons for current moral regressions.

Although there is a tradition of examining generalized discrimination against multiple targets, recent studies have tended to consider race and homosexuality as separate targets without considering their relationship with each other. Recent studies have also argued for a moral dimension in attitudes to homosexuality, but this has not yet been explicitly modeled as an explanation for patterns of social attitudes. In a questionnaire study of practicing Australian Christians (N = 143), we examined the relationship of religious orientation and ideology (intrinsic, extrinsic, fundamentalism, orthodoxy, and quest) with four attitude targets (Aboriginal Australians, women, homosexual persons, and abortion). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we develop a two-factor model, incorporating group and moral orientation factors, which completely mediates the relationships between the religiosity variables and the social attitudes. Religiosity variables exhibit different patterns of correlation with the two factors. The two-factor model provides a useful framework for further exploration of socially and politically contested attitudes.

Although there is a tradition of examining generalized discrimination against multiple targets, recent studies have tended to consider race and homosexuality as separate targets without considering their relationship with each other. Recent studies have also argued for a moral dimension in attitudes to homosexuality, but this has not yet been explicitly modeled as an explanation for patterns of social attitudes. In a questionnaire study of practicing Australian Christians (N = 143), we examined the relationship of religious orientation and ideology (intrinsic, extrinsic, fundamentalism, orthodoxy, and quest) with four attitude targets (Aboriginal Australians, women, homosexual persons, and abortion). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we develop a two-factor model, incorporating group and moral orientation factors, which completely mediates the relationships between the religiosity variables and the social attitudes. Religiosity variables exhibit different patterns of correlation with the two factors. The two-factor model provides a useful framework for further exploration of socially and politically contested attitudes.

The purpose of this study was to compare the importance of selected morale building factors as indicated by ninety teachers. The teachers were attending Fort Hays Kansas State College during the summer of 1968 and were divided into the following groups: thirty men teachers, thirty unmarried women teachers, and thirty married women teachers. Each of the main groups of thirty teachers were sub-grouped into three groups of ten teachers each: those with from one to nine years of experience; those with from ten to nineteen years of experience, and those with twenty or more years of experience. A questionnaire was developed which consisted of three sections: (1) the ranking in the order of importance selected factors contributing to good morale; (2) the ranking of selected factors contributing to poor morale in the order of Most serious to least serious; and (3) the choosing of the preferred school for employment between two schools in three different hypothetical situations. The questionnaire was distributed to the ninety teachers, and the results were tabulated. From the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Administrators and administrative practices were the most influential factors affecting teacher morale. 2. Salary was not one of the main factors contributing to teacher morale. 3. Items concerning adequate salary, materials, smaller classes, and free time for preparation were less important than the items more closely concerned with personality and human relations. 4. Teachers preferred, on the whole, schools that were democratically operated, over salary. 5. Teachers preferred appreciative, cooperative students and parents over factors such as adequate salary, materials, smaller classes, and free time for preparation. 6. The only consistency found to exist between the verbal complaints of teachers and the findings of this study was in the preference shown for the school with the heavy teaching load and no extra duty assignments. 7. An effective system of clear communications would help prevent misunderstandings of roles and objectives. 8. Professionalism seemed to be higher in teachers who had twenty or more years of experience. 9. Fostering good faculty morale rests primarily with competent administrators. 10. Communications were more important to the men with from ten to nineteen years of experience than to any other subgroup. 11. Job security was more important to the unmarried women with twenty or more years of experience than to any other sub8roup. 12. Grievances were less important to married women than to men and unmarried. 13. Salary was more important to the men than to the women. 14. Staff relations were more important t o the married women with from one to nine year s of experience than to any other group. 15. Of the teachers who chose the autocratically operated school, married women were the most representative. 16. Of the teachers who chose the beautiful school plant, men were the most representative. The following recommendations were suggested: 1. More research is needed in the area of the importance of morale factors as they affect teachers. 2. More attention should be given to courses in human relations in preparing prospective administrators. 3. More attention should be given to desirable personality factors in screening candidates for admission to educational administration programs. 4. More stress is necessary on democratic leadership in educating persons for educational administration. 5. Administrators should check the importance of certain morale building factors as indicated by their faculty in order that the improvement and the maintaining of these factors can be attempted. 6. Similar studies should be made in different parts of the state and the nation to determine if the results would reinforce the findings of this study.

The study was funded by the research project FFI2010-20759 (Spanish Government: Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness), and by the Chair of the Three Religions (Government of the Balearic Islands) of the University of the Balearic Islands, Spain. Julia F. Christensen and Albert Flexas were supported by FPU PHD scholarships from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (AP2009-2889 and AP2008-02284). Nadine K. Gut was supported by a scholarship of the School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, UK. ; We propose a revised set of moral dilemmas for studies on moral judgment. We selected a total of 46 moral dilemmas available in the literature and fine-tuned them in terms of four conceptual factors (Personal Force, Benefit Recipient, Evitability, and Intention) and methodological aspects of the dilemma formulation (word count, expression style, question formats) that have been shown to influence moral judgment. Second, we obtained normative codings of arousal and valence for each dilemma showing that emotional arousal in response to moral dilemmas depends crucially on the factors Personal Force, Benefit Recipient, and Intentionality. Third, we validated the dilemma set confirming that people's moral judgment is sensitive to all four conceptual factors, and to their interactions. Results are discussed in the context of this field of research, outlining also the relevance of our RT effects for the Dual Process account of moral judgment. Finally, we suggest tentative theoretical avenues for future testing, particularly stressing the importance of the factor Intentionality in moral judgment. Additionally, due to the importance of cross cultural studies in the quest for universals in human moral cognition, we provide the new set dilemmas in six languages (English, French, German, Spanish, Catalan, and Danish). The norming values provided here refer to the Spanish dilemma set. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

In this paper we examine the determinants of the evolution of migrant density in the EU-15 countries during the decade 2000-2010 and its relationship with the characteristics of the destination country. Using statistics from Eurostat, a panel data model is estimated with country and year fixed effects. Like previous research, we find that per capita income and networks increase significantly immigrant inflows. As outstanding factors, we introduce the production structure and the migratory policy in our analysis. Our results show that whereas agriculture and construction sectors exert pull forces, manufacturing sector reduces considerably migrant density. Lastly, we also find that immigration policy influences significantly on the share of immigrants. ; En este artículo se examina los determinantes de la evolución de la densidad migratoria en los países de la UE-15 durante la década 2000-2010 y su relación con las características de los países de destino. Tomando como base de datos Eurostat, se estima un modelo de datos de panel con efectos fijos a nivel de país y año. Como otros trabajos previos revelan, el nivel de renta per-cápita y las redes sociales incrementan significativamente el flujo de inmigrantes. Como factores sobresalientes, introducimos en nuestro análisis la estructura productiva y la política migratoria del país de destino. Nuestros resultados muestran que mientras el sector agrícola y la construcción actúan como factores de atracción, el sector industrial reduce considerablemente la densidad migratoria. Por último, la política migratoria también influye significativamente sobre el peso relativo de la inmigración.