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A informalidade no trabalho, que marca a realidade da maioria das relações de trabalho brasileiras, somada às características encontradas na população de rua, constituem o pano de fundo social propenso à geração de formas alternativas de organização do trabalho. A informalidade no trabalho, assim como a população de rua, tem composição e origem acentuadamente heterogênea; assim, torna-se fundamental que qualquer política pública destinada a estes aspectos considere suas especificidades. Neste contexto, surgem as cooperativas de catadores de resíduos sólidos, formadas por antigos catadores de lixo e ex-moradores de rua, como alternativa à informalidade no trabalho e busca pela cidadania, dentro da perspectiva da autogestão. Por meio de uma análise atual e de uma caracterização histórica sobre experiências de cooperativas de catadores brasileiras, buscou-se mostrar a capacidade inclusiva do modelo cooperativista e da relevância das parcerias destas com o poder público e com outros atores sociais. Neste escopo, é fundamental a abordagem de experiências bem sucedidas de catadores que, unidos sob a égide do cooperativismo, com a participação do poder público e/ou independentemente dele – puderam lograr a inclusão social. A autogestão desponta, assim, como alternativa real de trabalho àqueles que se encontram marginalizados pelo sistema formal de trabalho. ; Informal employment, which marks the reality of most Brazilian working relationships, plus the characteristics of the homeless population, constitute a social background prone to producing alternative forms of organizing work. Informal employment, as well as the homeless population, has a markedly heterogeneous composition and origin; thus, it becomes essential that any public policy related to these aspects consider their specificities. In this context, waste pickers' co-operatives appeared, consisting of ex-waste pickers and ex-homeless people, as an alternative to informality in the search for work and citizenship, within the perspective of self-management. Through an analysis of current and historical characterization experiments on waste pickers' co-operatives in Brazil, this article aims to show the capacity of the inclusive cooperative model and the relevance of these partnerships with government and with other players in society. For this purpose, it is essential to approach the successful experiences of waster pickers who, united through the co-operatives, with the participation of public and /or independently of it – were able to achieve social inclusion. Self-management is emerging as well, providing a real alternative to those who are marginalized by the formal system of work.

With environmental awareness in the societies of today, political steering documents emphasize that all education should include sustainable development. But it seems to be others competing ideals for teaching physics, or why do the physics teachers teach as they do? Physics teachers in secondary school in Sweden have generally, been focused on facts and a strong link with scientific theories and concepts. In general, the curriculum sway the teaching, a standard text book in physics is used, the teaching is organized according to the book and the teacher deals with and demonstrates typical tasks on the whiteboard and group work is common for special issues related to tasks from the textbook or elaborating. The aim with this study is to analyze why physics teachers in upper secondary school choose to teach energy as they do. Data emerging from a questionnaire focused on indicators of the teachers' cultural and economic assets, or capital, according to the work of Pierre Bourdieu´s sociology. Especially his concept on life styles and habitus provide a tool for analysis. We focus on physics teachers' positions in the social space, dispositions and standpoints towards the ideal way to teach physics in upper secondary school (n=268). Our response rate is 29 % and due to the low response rate a non response bias analysis was made. In our analysis we primarily sought for groups, with a cluster analysis based on the teaching practice, revealed common features for both what and how they teach and three different teaching types emerged. Then we reconstructed the group habitus of the teachers by analyzing dispositions and standpoints and related those to the specific polarization of sacred values, that is struggles about the natural order (doxa) in the social space of science education, which is a part of and has boundaries to dominating fields like the natural sciences and the political fields (curriculum etc.). Three teacher-groups' habituses are described and analyzed; 1. The Manager of the Traditional, 2. The Challenger for Technology and 3. The Challenger for Citizenship. By constructing the habitus of the teachers in the different groups we can explain why teachers teach as they do and thereby make a contribution to both science education research and to teaching training, whereas reflective approach which also includes the individual dispositions and representations are paramount. In our paper we elaborate the grounds and implications of these findings further.

This thesis explores and analyses the manifold relations between migration and health, what I call the migration-health nexus, in the contemporary Nicaraguan context. The study is based on fieldwork in León and Cuatro Santos and a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative in-depth interviews and quantitative survey data. In the thesis health is "traced" within the migration process; i.e. in places of origin, during travel, at the destination and after return, including the situation and consequences for both migrants and family members to migrants ("left-behinds"). The study shows that migration-health relations in Nicaragua are connected to broader economic, social and political factors and to the country's historical experiences of colonization, neo-colonization and structural adjustments. Contemporary Nicaraguan migrations are primarily related to the strategies of making a living and the struggle for a better life (i.e. a practice of mobile livelihoods). In the study setting health concerns were both indirectly embedded in people's mobile livelihoods, as well as directly influencing decisions to move or to stay, and migration involved both advantages and disadvantages for health. Through migration, women could see an end to physical violence and sexual abuse. Internal migrants could improve their access to health care and medicine. Vulnerabilities related to the unpredictable nature conditions could be avoided through moving. And, through the money made from migrant work people's everyday lives and health could be improved, in terms of better nutrition, housing, and access to education, health care and medicine. However, remittances do not necessarily lead to development, as they are used to compensate for the lacking public sector in Nicaragua. Under these circumstances, I argue that the Nicaraguan population is not guaranteed their social rights of citizenship. I also argue that the negative aspects surrounding migration must be taken into account when discussing the development potentials of migration and remittances. Both internal and international migrants in this study experienced stress while moving to a new place. International migrants had difficulties accessing health care in the destination, particularly those lacking documentation. The separation within families due to migration often caused emotional pain. Family members left behind did not rate their physical health as good as often as non-migrant families. The vulnerability, stress experiences and sufferings of migrants and left-behinds varied, however. I therefore conclude that social differences (in terms of e.g. gender, class, skin colour, and legal immigration status) are key for the enactment of the migration-health nexus, and that an interplay of individual, social and structural factors influence the outcome.

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo diseñar un Modelo de Administración Tributaria Para Mejorar la Recaudación de los Ingresos del Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del Cantón Jipijapa, el problema de estudio se definió como baja recaudación de ingresos por concepto de impuestos. Para el desarrollo del trabajo investigativo se utilizaron los métodos de investigación teóricos como el histórico lógico, análisis documental y el sistémico estructural, El método empírico estuvo basado en la observación científica, mediante la aplicación de las técnicas de la encuesta, realizada a los usuarios de los servicios del GAD cantonal y entrevistas dirigidas a los funcionarios municipales, el cual mostró como resultado que una de las debilidades de la institución es que carecen de un modelo de tributación eficiente y además se evidencia la falta de una cultura de pago de impuestos por parte de la ciudadanía. Se concluyó que las ordenanzas municipales y las pocas normas tributarias que existen sobre recaudación de ingresos no están actualizados y datan del año 1995. Finalmente se diseñó un Modelo de Administración que tiene por finalidad organizar y ejecutar la administración y recaudación de todos los ingresos tributarios y no tributarios de la Municipalidad de Jipijapa. ; The present investigation work had as objective to design a Model of Tributary Administration to Improve the Collection of the Revenues of the Municipal Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Canton Jipijapa, the study problem was defined like low collection of revenues for concept of taxes. For the development of the investigative work the theoretical investigation methods were used as the historical one logical, documental analysis and the systemic one structural, The empiric method was based on the scientific observation, mediantes the application of the techniques of the survey, carried out the users of the services of the cantonal GAD and you interview directed to the municipal officials, which showed as a result that one of the weaknesses of the institution is that they lack a model of efficient tribute and the lack of a culture of payment of taxes is also evidenced on the part of the citizenship. You concluded that the municipal ordinances and the few tributary norms that exist on collection of revenues are not up-to-date and they date of the year 1995. Finally a Model of Administration was designed that has for purpose to organize and to execute the administration and collection of all the tributary and not tributary revenues of the Municipality of Jipijapa. ; Tesis

Within the EU, the concept and rights of minorities play an important role, especially within the frame of the Copenhagen political criteria, which set the essential conditions that all candidate countries must satisfy to become a member state. According to these criteria, the candidate countries have to provide stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. How and according to which criteria minorities within the EU are established and what kind of rights they have within the EU are examined in this essay, taking into account the historical development of the European concept of minorities and the content of the relevant documents in international law. Even within the EU, a universally recognized and binding concept of minorities does not exist. To determine which minorities are supposed to be protected, some regularly applied characteristics have been developed within the political process and by some authorities of the EU. In spite of a lack of codification, these characteristics can be considered to be constant and continuous criteria of a European minority definition. These are the following criteria: (1) numerical inferiority, (2) non-dominant position, (3) distinctive ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics, (4) citizenship of the country of residence and (5) explicitly made known sense of affiliation and solidarity. This means concretely that a minority can only be (1) a group of persons being numerically smaller than the rest of the population, (2) which may not have a dominant position in the state in the form of a sole right to make decisions, (3) which at least has to show a specific ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristic distinguishing them from the rest of the population, (4) members of which have to be citizens of their country of residence and (5) who have declared their membership and solidarity with their group of people. These five criteria have to be fulfilled cumulatively in order to be able to qualify a group of people as "minority". ; Europoje neegzistuoja visuotinai pripažįstamos tautinių mažumų koncepcijos. Šio tyrimo pirmoje dalyje (publikuota šiuose mokslo darbuose, 2013, 20(4) analizuota mažumų koncepcijos formavimosi JT, UNESCO ir ESBO dokumentuose raida. Antroje šio tyrimo dalyje analizuojami specifiniai mažumų koncepcijos kriterijai, suformuoti su mažumų teisių apsauga susijusiuose Europos Tarybos ir Europos Sąjungos dokumentuose, kuriuos mažumų grupės Europoje turi atitikti, kad galėtų naudotis minėtų teisės aktų teikiama apsauga.

Nuestras reflexiones se enmarcan en las interrogaciones y hallazgos que vamos produciendo en el Programa de Investigación CIUNSa Nº 2010 denominado: Interculturalidad y Formación: diferencias y desafíos y de modo particular en el Proyecto Nº 2010/4: Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (EIB) y giro decolonial, que indaga acerca de la emergencia de la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe, en el Departamento San Martín de la provincia de Salta, Argentina, en la pretensión de reconocer si estas prácticas educativas que se suponen nuevas formas de integración intercultural y como alternativas al papel homogeneizador de la escuela, no resultan por el contrario nuevos modos de elaboraciones situadas de disciplinamiento asociados a transformaciones de las formas de "gobierno de la sociedad". De ahí que el presente artículo problematiza la interculturalidad y en particular las prácticas de EIB, preguntándose si estas no constituyen una nueva estrategia estatal de control político de la diferencia a la vez que reproducen una "inclusión condicionada", una ciudadanía recortada y de segunda clase. Presta especial atención a lo que en el marco de este trabajo se denomina "mujeres sueltas", nuevas figuras misionales, en la configuración de la EIB en la región, a partir de una mirada que reconoce múltiples encrucijadas entre colonialidad, etnofagia e identidades de género. ; Our thoughts are part of the questions and findings that we place in the Research Program CIUNSa No. 2010 entitled: Intercultural and Training: differences and challenges and particularly the Project No. 2010/4: Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) and decolonial rotation , which asks about the emergence of intercultural Bilingual Education in the Department of San Martin Salta Province, Argentina, on the pretense of recognizing whether these educational practices that new forms of intercultural integration and pose as alternatives to paper homogenizer school, on the other hand are not new ways of working with partners located transformations discipline to forms of "government" of society. The aim of this article is to problematizes the interculturality and the IBE asking if these are not a new political strategy of control of the difference that reproduces a "conditional inclusion" and a second class citizenship. It pay attention to what is called here "mujeres sueltas ", a new missionary figures, in the configuration of the IBE in the region from a point of view that recognizes multiple crossroads between colonialism, etnophagy and genre identities.

З метою дослідження шляхів підвищення якості навчання вчителів корекційної освіти проаналізовано «Ключові компетенції для навчання упродовж усього життя» та «Загальноєвропейські рекомендації для вчителів» – документи, затверджені в Раді Європи для покращення рівня підготовки фахівців європейського рівня на сучасному етапі. Доведено, що детальне вивчення та адаптація зазначених документів дозволить актуалізувати перелік професійних компетенцій, необхідних для побудови ефективної кар'єри майбутнім фахівцям, зокрема викладачам корекційної освіти. ; Представлен анализ действующих в Европе документов, определяющих основные тенденции образования, компетенции высшего, последипломного и самообразования, необходимые специалистам любой области знаний для построения успешной карьеры на каждом ее этапе, а также уровень подготовки учителя к преподавательской работе в терминах профессиональных умений и компетенций. Предложено использовать указанные документы для реализации необходимых реформ в политике образования Украины, в частности для улучшения качества подготовки учителей коррекционной школы в соответствии с рекомендациями Совета Европы. ; Background. It is proved that a correctional school teacher should obtain not only competences common for a European teacher, but also special professional skills. Objective. To discover the ways of facilitating the quality of teaching correctional educators the Key Competences for Lifelong Learning and the Teaching Framework developed and adopted by the EU Parliament are analyzed. The key competences for lifelong learning de?ned by the EU eight are a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes particularly necessary for personal ful?llment and development, social inclusion, active citizenship and employment. These key competences are: communication in the mother tongue; communication in foreign languages; mathematical competence and basic competences in science and technology; digital competence; learning to learn; social and civic competences; sense of initiative and entrepreneurship; cultural awareness and expression. The most important teaching skills become a basis for developing the teaching framework, de?ning four main levels of pro?ciency within the ?eld: foundation, developing, pro?cient and expert. Each level introduces the professional competences and the quality of its obtaining by a teacher in the following categories: learning and the learner (from basic understanding of general learning theories to developing personal ones); language knowledge and awareness of teaching (pro?ciency in using terminology, reference materials, composing lesson plans); teaching, learning and assessment (managing learning process); professional development and values (re?ecting on own teaching and learning). Conclusion. It is proposed to use and adopt the documents mentioned above to develop the framework for future teachers of correctional school according to the EU requirements.

La presente investigación se orienta a analizar y reflexionar sobre los presupuestos participativos como una estrategia para la participación ciudadana, desarrollados por los veintiún Gobiernos Parroquiales Rurales del Cantón Cuenca. La importancia de esta investigación está dada por la necesidad de determinar si el proceso de presupuestación participativa contribuye o no a la participación ciudadana local y en qué medida los Gobiernos Parroquiales están articulando este proceso con la ciudadanía. El conocimiento sobre los presupuestos participativos y la participación ciudadana por los Gobiernos Parroquiales Rurales, es importante para establecer las dinámicas locales relacionadas con el ejercicio de la participación ciudadana. La organización social, la planificación participativa, la veeduría ciudadana y control social, demanda comprender cuál es el nivel de conocimiento y vinculación con el presupuesto participativo y de qué manera los Gobiernos Parroquiales vienen actuando en sus territorios parroquiales, un tema que está articulado al marco constitucional vigente en el Ecuador. El análisis de los datos de la investigación nos ha permitido conocer sobre los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados Parroquiales como expresión política del Estado y su relación con la sociedad rural, a través del ejercicio de los presupuestos participativos y su incidencia en la democracia local. ; This research aims to analyze and reflect on participatory budgeting as a strategy for citizen participation, developed by the twenty-one Governments parish rural of the Canton Cuenca. The importance of this research is given by the need to determine if the process of participatory budgeting contributes or not to the local citizen participation and to what extent the parish Governments are articulating this process with citizenship. Knowledge about participatory budgeting and participation by rural parish Governments, is important for establishing the local dynamics related to the exercise of citizen participation. Social organization, participatory planning and the watching public and social control, demand to understand what is the level of knowledge and connection with the participatory budget and parish Governments how you are acting within their parish territory, a subject that is articulated to the existing constitutional framework in the Ecuador. The analysis of research data has allowed us to learn about Governments autonomous decentralized parish as a political expression of the State and its relationship with the rural society, through the exercise of participative budgets and their impact on local democracy. ; Magíster en Sociología y Desarrollo con Mención en Ciencias Políticas ; Cuenca

[ES] En términos actuales, se puede decir que la violencia de género se configura como uno de los problemas más importantes en la pauta de los derechos humanos en todo el mundo. El feminicidio en gran escala que ocurre en todos los países y el drama de millones de mujeres que viven la violencia diaria en sus vidas, de manera silenciosa y casi invisible frente a la sociedad, representa un desafío no solamente para la democracia, al fin y cabo todos somos (o deberíamos ser considerados) iguales, pero también, y principalmente, para la agenda de la concretización de los derechos humanos de ese colectivo. No se puede hablar de ciudadanía plena para las mujeres si en sus vidas privadas aun vivan de un panorama de sumisión, humillación y sufrimiento diario, de modo que tratar de manera inadecuada pone en peligro la propia democracia considerando que no existe verdadero Estado Democrático de Derecho cuando una parcela tan importante de la población vive en situación de violencia, sin que este panorama merezca debida atención y sin las providencias necesarias para su extinción. Pues conforme afirmó muy acertadamente el Ministro del Supremo Tribunal brasileño, Ayres Britto: "o grau de civilidade de uma sociedade se mede pelo grau de liberdade da mulher". ; In modern terms , we can say that gender violence is configured as one of the most important problems in the pattern of human rights worldwide . Femicide occurs on a large scale in all countries and the plight of millions of women living the daily violence in their lives , quietly and almost invisible against society represents a challenge not only for democracy , the end of all out are ( or should we be considered) equal, but also , and principally for the agenda for the realization of human rights of this group . You can not speak of full citizenship for women if even in their private lives a live picture of submission, humiliation and suffering daily , so try to improperly threatens democracy itself considering that there true democratic rule of law when such a large portion of the population living in situations of violence , without this picture deserves due attention and without the orders necessary for extinction. As rightly stated under the Brazilian Minister of the Supreme Court , Ayres Britto , " or grau de uma civilidade sociedade grau hair is mede liberdade da mulher " .

This study aims to analyze the participation of women in the Middle Eastern political system. The study was conducted following the theoretical approaches of Chaaban (2011), Saadeh (2012), among others. From this analysis, the present study is based on the qualitative paradigm, privileging their ethnographic methodology, the technique used was documentary. As a result firstly that the participation of women in the political system in the Middle East, has been growing through the dramatic events of the "Arab spring", women have actively participated in a new wave of demands for political freedom and dignity. An inspiration has been to see, in the streets, women of all social levels be part of those who protest demanding democracy and citizenship. In addition, the political participation of women has been inserted inside an inconspicuous historical and cultural process, but that doesn't mean that they have been absent in the collective construction of societies, or they are new in the field of politics. Currently, participation in the political representation of women stays at a disadvantage in relation to men since the percentage of women holding decision-making positions in Governments is reduced at all levels. ; El presente estudio tiene como propósito analizar la participación de la mujer en el sistema político Medio Oriental. El estudio se realizó siguiendo los planteamientos teóricos de Chaaban (2011),Saadeh(2012), entre otros. A partir de este análisis, esta investigación se sustenta en el paradigma cualitativo, privilegiando su orientación metodológica etnográfica, la técnica utilizada fue documental. Como resultado en primer término se obtuvo que la participación de la mujer en el sistema político Medio Oriental se ha venido gestando a través de los eventos dramáticos de la "primavera árabe", las mujeres han participado activamente en una nueva ola de demandas de libertad política y dignidad. Ha sido una inspiración ver en las calles a las mujeres de todos los niveles sociales formar parte de los que protestan exigiendo democracia y ciudadanía. Además, la participación política de las mujeres ha estado inserta dentro de un proceso histórico y cultural poco visible, lo que no significa que hayan estado ausentes en la construcción colectiva de las sociedades, ni son nuevas en el ámbito de la política. Actualmente, la participación en la representación política de las mujeres del oriente medio se mantiene en desventaja en relación a los hombres puesto que el porcentaje de mujeres que ocupan cargos decisorios en los gobiernos es reducido en todos los niveles.

CARIM-East: Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe ; Version in other language: Migration Policy Centre ; CARIM-East Research Report ; 2013/10 ; The integration of migrants is becoming an increasingly important question in Belarus. As socio-economic cooperation between Belarus and other countries is developing the list of participants in the integration process of migrants is growing. For several decades, the traditional participants were citizens from neighboring countries: Russia, Ukraine and Poland. At the present there is also, though, rapid growth in migration flows from other areas, particularly from the south: Turkmenistan, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey and the countries of South Asia including China and Vietnam. This paper presents a study of the scope and structure of the main participants in the integration process, in terms of country of birth and country of citizenship. The main data sources are the census, data on vital and education statistics. The results suggest that integration in Belarus is not a serious problem, being similar to other social processes. One of the key explanations for this is the influx of people from the former Soviet Union, above all, those who lived in Belarus themselves or had relatives there. The integration of migrants in Belarus is most evident in the labor market. The most common areas of integration for labor migrants from the older migrant nations are in industry, agriculture and trade. Citizens from the new areas are, on the other hand, concentrated in trade, health and education. The new migrants include more young males with higher-level skills. Among these, more than half are professionals. The vast majority of the new migrants come to Belarus to pursue higher education or under the guise of education. The old trends mean greater integration dispersion in terms of employment, skill levels and education, but also in terms of age. The study emphasizes the need for a special policy for the adaptation and integration of migrants, something particularly important for citizens from unusual areas due to differences in culture, language and religion. Special attention should be paid to the knowledge of Russian and Belarusian, the possibility of buying or renting housing, the use of free education and health care services, etc. At this point in Belarus there are no obstacles for migrants wishing to integrate, but there are no authorities specifically allocated for that purpose. Self-integration for these migrants is a problem which will take a good deal of time to work itself out. ; CARIM-East is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.

CARIM-East: Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe ; The integration of migrants is becoming an increasingly important question in Belarus. As socio-economic cooperation between Belarus and other countries is developing the list of participants in the integration process of migrants is growing. For several decades, the traditional participants were citizens from neighboring countries: Russia, Ukraine and Poland. At the present there is also, though, rapid growth in migration flows from other areas, particularly from the south: Turkmenistan, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Turkey and the countries of South Asia including China and Vietnam. This paper presents a study of the scope and structure of the main participants in the integration process, in terms of country of birth and country of citizenship. The main data sources are the census, data on vital and education statistics. The results suggest that integration in Belarus is not a serious problem, being similar to other social processes. One of the key explanations for this is the influx of people from the former Soviet Union, above all, those who lived in Belarus themselves or had relatives there. The integration of migrants in Belarus is most evident in the labor market. The most common areas of integration for labor migrants from the older migrant nations are in industry, agriculture and trade. Citizens from the new areas are, on the other hand, concentrated in trade, health and education. The new migrants include more young males with higher-level skills. Among these, more than half are professionals. The vast majority of the new migrants come to Belarus to pursue higher education or under the guise of education. The old trends mean greater integration dispersion in terms of employment, skill levels and education, but also in terms of age. The study emphasizes the need for a special policy for the adaptation and integration of migrants, something particularly important for citizens from unusual areas due to differences in culture, language and religion. Special attention should be paid to the knowledge of Russian and Belarusian, the possibility of buying or renting housing, the use of free education and health care services, etc. At this point in Belarus there are no obstacles for migrants wishing to integrate, but there are no authorities specifically allocated for that purpose. Self-integration for these migrants is a problem which will take a good deal of time to work itself out. ; CARIM-East is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.

Legal regime of foreigners in Europe has gained in recent years after a change of populations of particular importance that grow over the years (Vlahos G., Legality of persons and individuals, Volume of the Greek Supreme Court II, 1982, pg. 25, Venizelos E., European Citizenship and the Greek Constitution,Greek Legal Rewiev EEEyrD, 1993, pg. 271). This paper will look as a host country of emigrants. The large number of immigrants was certainly due to her disorder in the Greek population. The biggest challenge of the present and future is the integration of foreigners into the Greek society, which relates to integration of a number of legal issues related to the principle of equilibrium (by country of origin) and the principle of proportion (Dimitropoulos G. A., The Constitutional Rights of the foreigners in Greece, 2004, pg. 10). Sanctions and protection of any kind of a right of immigrants is a condition self-understanding, which should always be taken into account in Greece and not only there, but in any state that is founded on the principles and values of modern democracy. Given this principle, Greece in its recent law that was passed by the Greek Parliament approved by a majority of voting rights of immigrants resident in Greece and the right to be elected as members of the municipal councils or municipal councils if they possessed residence permit required by this law (Pasok party voted in favor and two far-left party SIRIZA, and the right against two parties, Laos and Nea Dimikratia, while the Communist Party voted abstention). The truth is that this law constitutes a legal innovation for Greece, a country that suffers from a lack of modern legislation on the legal treatment of foreign nationals who were permanent resident in Greece (Kakalis P., Greek legislation, the right of foreigners, 2005, pg. 45). On the following pages will analyze the background of the establishment of the Greek legislation on foreigners, the rights accorded to them by the law of 2010 (3838/2010), which will essentially be viewed in sections 14-21, stipulating the franchise of foreign immigrants in Greece, their right to be elected in local elections and the decision of the Greek court which seeks cancellation of articles based on the principle of popular sovereignty and several other articles of the Constitution Greek ( Papasiopi,Pasia. Z, The new Law 3386/2005 for foreigners, Thoughts and problematics, 2006, pg. 43.). DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p19

La presente investigación se orienta a analizar y reflexionar sobre los presupuestos participativos como una estrategia para la participación ciudadana, desarrollados por los veintiún Gobiernos Parroquiales Rurales del Cantón Cuenca. La importancia de esta investigación está dada por la necesidad de determinar si el proceso de presupuestación participativa contribuye o no a la participación ciudadana local y en qué medida los Gobiernos Parroquiales están articulando este proceso con la ciudadanía. El conocimiento sobre los presupuestos participativos y la participación ciudadana por los Gobiernos Parroquiales Rurales, es importante para establecer las dinámicas locales relacionadas con el ejercicio de la participación ciudadana. La organización social, la planificación participativa, la veeduría ciudadana y control social, demanda comprender cuál es el nivel de conocimiento y vinculación con el presupuesto participativo y de qué manera los Gobiernos Parroquiales vienen actuando en sus territorios parroquiales, un tema que está articulado al marco constitucional vigente en el Ecuador. El análisis de los datos de la investigación nos ha permitido conocer sobre los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados Parroquiales como expresión política del Estado y su relación con la sociedad rural, a través del ejercicio de los presupuestos participativos y su incidencia en la democracia local. ; This research aims to analyze and reflect on participatory budgeting as a strategy for citizen participation, developed by the twenty-one Governments parish rural of the Canton Cuenca. The importance of this research is given by the need to determine if the process of participatory budgeting contributes or not to the local citizen participation and to what extent the parish Governments are articulating this process with citizenship. Knowledge about participatory budgeting and participation by rural parish Governments, is important for establishing the local dynamics related to the exercise of citizen participation. Social organization, participatory planning and the watching public and social control, demand to understand what is the level of knowledge and connection with the participatory budget and parish Governments how you are acting within their parish territory, a subject that is articulated to the existing constitutional framework in the Ecuador. The analysis of research data has allowed us to learn about Governments autonomous decentralized parish as a political expression of the State and its relationship with the rural society, through the exercise of participative budgets and their impact on local democracy. ; Magíster en Sociología y Desarrollo con Mención en Ciencias Políticas ; Cuenca

Lebenslanges Lernen soll zur persönlichen Entfaltung, aktiven Staatsbürgerschaft, sozialen Inklusion und Beschäftigungsfähigkeit beitragen, indem formales, non-formales und informelles Lernen gleichwertig behandelt werden. In diesem Sinne erfüllt Bildung eine Orientierungs- und eine Qualifikationsfunktion. Seit das Konzept auf den bildungspolitischen Agenden wirtschaftlich orientierter Akteure, wie EU und OECD, steht, reduziert sich Bildung sukzessive auf den Qualifikationserwerb zugunsten einer erhöhten Beschäftigungsfähigkeit. Modernisierungs- und Steuerungsstrategien nehmen zu, um internationale Vergleichbarkeit nationaler Bildungssysteme herzustellen. Lernergebnisorientierte Referenzrahmen, wie der "Europäische Qualifikationsrahmen" und die "Schlüsselkompetenzen für Lebenslanges Lernen", sollen zur Steigerung der Mobilität sowie zur Erhöhung der Transparenz und Durchlässigkeit der Bildungssektoren beitragen. Beide Instrumente versprechen eine Aufwertung non-formalen und informellen Lernens und folglich den Schutz vor sozialer Exklusion. Individuen sollen durch Investition in das eigene Humankapital jene Qualifikationen erwerben, welche aktuell vom Arbeitsmarkt nachgefragt werden. Die instrumentalisierte Sicht von Bildung als Ware klammert sozio-kulturelle und biografische Lernaspekte nahezu gänzlich aus. Erwachsenenbildungsinstitutionen mit humanistisch-emanzipatorischen Bildungsverständnis, wie die Volkshochschulen, befinden sich zusehends im Spannungsfeld zwischen institutionellem Ethos und Marktorientierung. Der gestiegene Wettbewerb am Weiterbildungsmarkt wirft vielfach Fragen der Professionalisierung, Qualitätssicherung, Finanzierung, Netzwerkarbeit, des Marketings und des Umgangs mit neuen Technologien auf. Es bedarf einer institutionellen Selbstreflexion, um Chancen auf Erneuerung zu erkennen, eine Balance zwischen Orientierung und Qualifikation und folglich Chancengleichheit herzustellen. ; Lifelong learning aspires to contribute to personal fulfillment, active citizenship, social inclusion and employability by treating formal, non-formal and informal learning as equivalent. Thus, education serves as an orientation and qualification factor. Since the concept was added to the agenda of economical-oriented actors, such as EU and OECD, education has been incrementally reduced to the acquisition of qualifications in favor of raising employability. Modernization and governance strategies are increasingly put into place to ensure international comparability. Reference frameworks that are based on learning outcomes such as the "European Qualifications Framework" and the "Key Competences for Lifelong Learning" attempt to enhance mobility as well as to augment transparency and transitions of education sectors. Both instruments promise to upgrade non-formal and informal learning and, accordingly, to preserve from social exclusion. By investing in human capital, individuals may acquire those qualifications required on the labor market. Such an exploitative perception of education as a commodity neglects social-cultural and biographic aspects of learning almost entirely. Adult education institutions exhibiting a humanist and emancipatory approach to adult education, such as Volkshochschulen, experience an increasing tension between their institutional ethos and market orientation. Issues are raised concerning professionalization, quality assurance, funding, networking and the use of novel technologies due to increased competition on the education and training markets. Therefore, an institutional self-reflection is required in order to identify chances for renewal, to maintain a balance between orientation and qualification and consequently, to ensure equal opportunities. ; vorgelegt von Sabrina Schiestl ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2013 ; (VLID)233661