The pandemic virus of Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (new Californian strains of 2009) became the absolutely new variant of flu virus, which was not previously circulating among humans and to which most people don't have immunity emerges and it could be transmited among humans. The 2009 pandemic virus had been spread globally quikly, and on 11 June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the first influenza pandemic since 1968–1969[1]. Genetic analysis of new virus A(H1N1)pdm09 showed that it is 4-fold reassortant and already contains internal segments, that belong to the viruses of human influenza, birds and two separate lines of flu of pigs: the North-American and Eurasian lines[2]. April 2010, laboratory-confirmed infections of pH1N1 influenza virus was identified in 212 countries and overseas territories in April 2010, and fact of more than 18,000 laboratory-confirmed deaths was reported to the WHO worldwide. And in Ukraine have been reported the information of more than 1128 deaths in Ukraine in the same period was reported by Ministry of Health of Ukraine[4].Research evaluation of virus of Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 was carried out by Ukrainian scientists and it was detected[3], Ukrainian isolates of influenza virus had a high genetic identity (99%) to the pandemic strains A(H1N1)pdm09, this was observed in the period of 2009-2010 inother countries.This pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has been widely circulating across the globe since 2009, and now it is established in human populations as a seasonal influenza virus. But during the epidemic season of 2015-2016 inUkraine pandemic influenza virus subtypes A(H1N1) pdm09 caused a considerable deaths among the human population of Ukraine. During 40 week it was registered 370 laboratory confirmed deaths caused by influenza, and 81,4% cases were caused by pandemic influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus [4].Therefore modern diagnostics of the Californian strains of virus A(H1N1) pdm09 and monitoring of pandemic strains of virus subtypes A (H1N1) pdm09 across the south and east areas of Ukraine, where the birds influenza viruses A(H5N1) circulate naturally[5] remain actual problem for today.The goal of our research work was to evaluate a Multiplex TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR for the rapid and specific diagnostic of pandemic influenza virus A (H1N1) pdm09 in clinical samples of patients with influenza.Materials and methods. We used Human Influenza virus reference strains А/FM1/47 (H1N1), А/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), А/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), B/Hong Kong/330/01 were kindly provided for our study by Svitlana L. Rybalko and WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza (CDC, USA) for evaluation the specificity levels. Human respiratory samples (nasopharyngeal swabs and aspirates, sputum) from Viral Influenza (VI) patients (n=10) were kindly provided by Irina G. Kostenko (the Main Military Clinical Hospital of Ukraine). The clinical samples were validated by Seeplex® Influenza A(H1N1pandemic) RT-PCR assay (Seegene Inc., South Korea) and TaqMan Influenza A (H1N1) Assay Sets [10]. The polymerase chain reaction in real time (Real-Time RT-PCR) was done for Applied Biosystems(ABI PRIZM 7000/7500).Results: It was found that the Multiplex TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR assay, designed primers and the TaqMan-probes(test kit «DIA Influenza H1N1») identifed the RNA of influenza pandemic California strains of A ( H1N1) pdm09 in clinical samples with 100% sensitivity and specificity.Ten-fold dilutions of A (H1N1) pdm09 recombinant plasmids pIMC-13(M-gene), pIHC-21(H5-gene) и pINC-20(N1-gene) were used for the determination of detection limits and the amplification efficiency of the assay. Samples were tested in triplicate for each dilution. Therefore, analytical sensitivity of test is 10 copies per reaction.Outlook: The proposed TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR assay is an effective tool for fast and precise detection and diagnostic of the pandemic strains of influenza virus A (H1N1)pdm09. ; Актуальність – сучасна діагностика пандемічних штамів вірусу грипу молекулярними методами. Мета – провести оцінку мультиплексного варіанту методу TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR аналізу для швидкої та специфічної діагностики пандемічного вірусу грипу A(H1N1)pdm в клінічних зразках хворих на грип. Методи: Полімеразна ланцюгова реакція в режимі реального часу(Real-Time RT-PCR). Встановлено, що методика мультиплексного TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR аналізу та розроблені праймери та TaqMan-зонди, що входять до складу вітчизняної тест-системи «DIA Influenza H1N1» здатні виявляти зі 100 % чутливістю та специфічністю РНК Каліфорнійських штамів пандемічного вірусу грипу A(H1N1)pdm серед клінічних зразків з сезонними штамами вірусу грипу. Аналітична чутливість тесту визначена на рівні 10 копій в реакції. Запропонована методика TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR є ефективним інструментом швидкого та точного виявлення високопатогенних пандемічних штамів вірусу грипу A(H1N1)pdm 2009 року.
Costa Rica's life expectation is the higest from Latin America. The average age for the whole continent is 74 years. The age for Costa Rica is 80 and for Chili is 79 (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2014). This situation is the result of an addition of variables, but it is obvious that this little country has a population that is worried about factors as life style and nutrition. Food manufactory and food producers should offer new products, with a superior concentration of nutrients, instead of fats and processed carbohydrates (as sugars and starches). The government institutions, as public universities and ministries had to become a motor and support to achieve this objective. A research group of the public university INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE COSTA RICA, stablished a study project called "Desarrollo de alimentos nutracéuticos a partir de cultivos biofortificados para combatir el efecto del cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria de Costa Rica". The project is managed by a researcher of the Agrobusiness Department. Other Departments are collaborating too, as Chemistry, Business Management and Agricultural Engineering. The new products development is focused in different age populations. The age groups selected are children from six to twenty-four months old, teenagers and finally elderly people. For the first group, it had been developed "home- made baby foods" and for the second one baked snacks. Researchers used carotenoid bio fortified crops, as manioc and sweet potatoes. Both crops are produced at the North side of Costa Rica. To be sure that by using bio fortified crops is possible to obtain products with a higher concentration of nutrients, researchers made a comparison. They produced baby foods and nutraceutical snacks with biofortified crops and non-fortified crops. The total amount of carotenoid from the different samples was analyzed at the CITA (Centro Nacional de Investigación en Tecnología de Alimentos). As a result, it was found that the total amount of carotenoids is ten times higher in products prepared with bio fortified crops than in products prepared with non bio fortified crops. It is important to take into account that the samples were prepared using the same procedures, equipment and ingredients. For the food products elaborated with non bio-fortified crops, the total carotenoids content is in average 300 μg/100 wet material. The same valor, using bio-fortified crops is 4000 μg/100 wet material. ; La expectativa de vida en los países latinoamericanos es de 74 años y Costa Rica supera este valor. El Banco Mundial reconoció que Costa Rica y Chile son los países con mayor esperanza de vida en el continente. Costa Rica tiene un promedio de 80 años y Chile de 79 (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2014). Esta nueva población se interesa más por la salud, la longevidad y el bienestar, tendencias que obligan a los productores de alimentos a buscar nuevas alternativas, para adicionar beneficios nutricionales a sus productos. Las universidades y las instituciones públicas, como los ministerios de Salud y de Agricultura, deben constituirse en un motor en el logro de este objetivo. El proyecto de investigación "Desarrollo de alimentos nutracéuticos a partir de cultivos biofortificados para combatir el efecto del cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria de Costa Rica", ejecutado en el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC), liderado por la Escuela de Ingeniería en Agronegocios y con la participación de las escuelas de Química, Agronomía y Administración de Empresas, se ha iniciado con una visión etaria, es decir, se desarrollan los productos considerando las necesidades y características de tres poblaciones: niños menores de dos años, adolescentes y adultos mayores. Para el desarrollo de estos productos se ha utilizado variedades de camote y de yuca biofortificadas con carotenos. Es necesario conocer la diferencia nutricional entre un producto elaborado con las variedades biofortificadas y uno elaborado con las variedades más comúnmente utilizadas por la población costarricense. En este artículo se compara el contenido total de carotenoides en productos terminados elaborados a partir de dos variedades de camote y dos de yuca, una biofortificada y la otra no. Para implementar la comparación, se trabajó en el desarrollo de un colado infantil y un snack para adolescentes. En la elaboración del colado infantil se utiliza camote, entre otros ingredientes, y para los snacks, tanto camote como yuca. Se realizaron tres corridas de cada uno de los productos, utilizando la misma materia prima, los mismos aditivos, la misma maquinaria y las mismas condiciones de proceso. En promedio se determinó que, usando variedades biofortificadas, la cantidad de carotenoides totales es diez veces mayor que cuando se utilizan variedades comunes. En los productos elaborados con variedades no fortificadas el promedio es de 300 μg-βcaroteno/100 g. Este valor, en productos elaborados con cultivos biofortificados y utilizando exactamente las mismas técnicas de procesamiento, es de 4000 μg-βcaroteno/100 g.
During more than three decades, corporate non-financial and sustainability reporting has been widely conceived as a voluntary practice, a matter of going beyond the requirements of the law. Therefore, it has been traditionally overlooked by legal and socio-legal scholars. However, during the last decade things have rapidly changed. We are currently witnessing the emergence of a mix of mandatory and voluntary regulatory approaches to Corporate Sustainability Accounting (CSA) and the integration of some elements of non-financial reporting into accounting standards. What explains these changes in CSA regulation within the EU arena, at different levels of regulation and through varying modes of governance? More specifically, which political and socio-economic actors are driving the current emergence of CSA regulation? What are their interests? How are these different actors organizing and mobilizing themselves? How and why they succeeded in creating regulatory changes? This research has been based on three main sources of data: documents analysis; literature review; in-depth élite interviews (26). It has also been strengthened by a participant observation of five months at the EU Commission, collaborating to the legal drafting and Impact Assessment of the new EU directive on non-financial reporting. The criteria for designing the fieldwork have been based on the idea of mapping the position of six groups of actors interested in shaping the emergence of CSA regulation. The groups of actors considered are: managers of large corporations; organized labour; civil society and NGOs; institutional investors; public authorities; and professional experts (accountants; financial analysts; lawyers). The analytical framework deployed by this study is a Bourdieusian reflexive socio-legal approach (see Madsen and Dezalay 2002; Madsen 2011), used as an over-arching research strategy in conjunction with the existing literature (see Gourevitch and Shinn 2005; Graz 2006; Crouch 2011; Streeck 2011). The study claims that the struggles for regulating CSA should be seen as a lens for analyzing broader changes in the field of European corporate governance regulation and in the relation between business and society. A main finding of the Doctoral Thesis, something that has been argued for throughout the study, is that the accounting field has developed a historically specific relation of structural homology with the economic field. Therefore, Chapter 3 argues that the emergence of 'social accounting' regulation, in the 1970s, mirrored contemporaneous debates about 'industrial democracy'. Similarly, the 'financialisation' of the 1990s and 2000s has mirrored the structuration of accounting standards narrowly focused only on financial information. Today, the emergence of 'sustainability accounting' regulation in Europe reflects and constructs the political attempt to build a regime of capital accumulation aimed at creating longer-term and 'sustainable' growth. More specifically, drawing on interviews with key informants and documents analysis, the study argues that financial turbulences and corporate scandals at the beginning of the 2000s fostered the inception of a European 'transparency coalition' (see Gourevitch and Shinn 2005) led by investors and including NGOs and part of the trade unions, which drove a series of reforms in the areas of corporate governance and corporate responsibility. The 2008 financial crisis worked as a catalyst for strengthening this regulatory trend and for fostering a stronger role of the state in its regulatory role. Therefore, we are also witnessing the integration of corporate sustainability in company law and corporate governance regulation and the convergence of financial and non-financial aspects in the regulation of corporate reporting. However, it is too early to say whether this coalition will overcome the opposition of managers, who favour a voluntary approach and are lobbying against mandatory non-financial reporting. The study also questions the potential of the 'transparency coalition' to build a new regime of governance of the economy, not just corporate governance. The dissertation consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces objectives, questions and key concepts. It contains a preliminary conceptualization of the field of research and the research questions. Chapter 2 has been focused on the critical review of the literature and of existing explanations of the emergence of CSA regulation. Furthermore, it presents the socio-legal reflexive methodological and epistemological approach that has been adopted to explain the emergence of this new multi-level regulatory framework. In Chapter 3, the reader can find a summary of the long-term development of non-financial reporting during over four decades, starting from the 1970s' (see also Annex I). Chapters 4 and 5 narrow down the empirical research, focusing on a more limited periodisation (mid-1990s to 2011) and on the case study of the struggles for shaping an EU-level regulatory framework for non-financial reporting. The aim of Chapter 4 and 5 has been to empirically strengthen the broader analysis outlined in Chapter 3, on the basis of the data collected during the fieldwork. Chapter 6 concludes summarising the key arguments and offering some reflections on future researches.
Medication use has become complex due to increase in medications available on the market and other advances in medicines and patient management. Pharmacists, given their unique position in the healthcare system and accessibility to communities at large, have a pivotal role in optimising medication therapy and patient safety. Often, they are the patients' first point of contact with the healthcare system. Accordingly, it is important to strategically ensure optimal pharmacy services. This can be achieved with input from key stakeholders (i.e. pharmacists, patients and physicians). The limited evidence from developing countries shows sub-optimal quality of community pharmacy services and the need for major improvements. Indeed, evidence about community pharmacy services from the key stakeholders' perspectives in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) remains unknown. Such information is valuable to facilitate development of policies and interventions to optimise community pharmacy services in the UAE context. Therefore, this thesis aimed to characterise current community pharmacy practice in the UAE and propose recommendations for improvement. The research presented in this thesis comprised three phases. Phase one was a survey of the characteristics of community pharmacy practice and the type and frequency of professional services provided through community pharmacies in the UAE. A self-completed questionnaire was delivered by hand to a systematic sample of community pharmacies (n = 700; response rate 49%). Community pharmacists worked long hours (≥ 48 hours/week) and were possibly inadequately trained to provide enhanced pharmacy services. There is no professional pharmacy organisation in the UAE, which may be a barrier to development of services. High turnover of pharmacists was recognised, which could be due to low job satisfaction and poor remuneration. Sub-optimal quality of services was reported. Fewer than one-third (29%) reported they always supplied medication information to patients; most pharmacies (92%) did not routinely keep patient records; and screening and monitoring services were provided by only a small number of pharmacies. Clearly, enhancements in human resource-related conditions and improvements to the professional role of the pharmacist are needed. This phase has, for the first time, documented baseline workforce and service-related information that is critical for future improvement of the community pharmacy practice in the UAE. Phase two was an investigation of patients' satisfaction with current community pharmacy services and other services that they would be likely to use if they were provided through community pharmacies. A questionnaire was specifically developed and validated for the Arabic context, and was hand delivered to a convenience sample of participants in public places for self-completion (n = 500; response rate 93%). Four dimensions of satisfaction emerged from factor analysis: Information, Relationship, Accessibility and Availability. Low patient satisfaction scores (on a 5-point Likert-type scale: 1 = poor to 5 = excellent) with most services were observed. Patients wanted more information about their medications, self-management and advice on healthy lifestyle (mean±SD = 2.49±1.19). They also requested more personal care, which was considered a measure of trust in the competence of the service provider (mean±SD = 3.05±1.07). Patients were also dissatisfied with the physical characteristics of the pharmacy such as waiting and private areas (mean±SD = 2.80±1.33). Patients would be likely (on a 3-point Likert-type scale: 1 = unlikely to 3 = very likely) to use a wide range of services if provided in the future. This study has, for the first time, provided pivotal information on areas needing improvement from the perspective of patients, and on what could possibly lead to better patient satisfaction and utilisation of the services provided through community pharmacy in the UAE. Phase three utilised a qualitative approach involving 27 one-to-one semi-structured interviews and five focus group discussions among physicians to explore their opinions on pharmacists' roles in providing primary care services in the community and on collaborating with pharmacists. Emerging themes included: Competency, Business orientation, Territorial control and Service delivery/patient care. There was support for roles that related to the provision of information on medications and their use. Benefits of collaborative care were recognised. Facilitators of success were identified as clear role definition, efficient communication and trust building. Barriers to success included lack of acceptance by both physicians and patients, pharmacists' competence, and administrative factors. This was the first study to provide valuable insight into pharmacist-physician relationships in the UAE and into what promotes collaboration between them. In working towards improving community pharmacy practice in the UAE, this research is unique in that it has considered the views of the key stakeholders: pharmacists, patients and physicians. This thesis has identified shortcomings in the provision of community pharmacy services which could have negatively affected patient satisfaction and physicians' perspectives of pharmacists' roles. Significantly, this thesis has generated crucial recommendations to guide decision making by stakeholders such as policy makers, government authorities and pharmacists with respect to the planning, design and offering of interventional programs that will lead to improvement of community pharmacy practice in the UAE.
1. A new kind of international regulatory system is spontaneously arising out of the failure of international 'Old Governance' (i.e., treaties and intergovernmental organizations) to adequately regulate international business. Nongovernmental organizations, business firms, and other actors, singly and in novel combinations, are creating innovative institutions to apply transnational norms to business. These institutions are predominantly private and operate through voluntary standards. The Authors depict the diversity of these new regulatory institutions on the 'Governance Triangle,' according to the roles of different actors in their operations. To analyze this complex system, we adapt the domestic 'New Governance' model of regulation to the international setting. 'Transnational New Governance' potentially provides many benefits of New Governance and is particularly suitable for international regulation because it demands less of states and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). However, Transnational New Governance does require states and IGOs to act as orchestrators of the international regulatory system, and that system currently suffers from a significant orchestration deficit. If states and IGOs expanded 'directive' and especially 'facilitative' orchestration of the Transnational New Governance system, they could strengthen high-quality private regulatory standards, improve the international regulatory system, and better achieve their own regulatory goals. 2. International organizations (IOs) have been widely criticized as ineffective. Yet scholars and practitioners assessing IO performance frequently focus on traditional modes of governance such as treaties and inter-state dispute-resolution mechanisms. When they observe poor performance, moreover, they often prescribe a strengthening of those same activities. We call this reliance on traditional state-based mechanisms 'International Old Governance' (IOG). A better way to understand and improve IO performance is to consider the full range of ways in which IOs can and do operate - including, increasingly, by reaching out to private actors and institutions, collaborating with them, and supporting and shaping their activities. Such actions are helping to develop an intricate global network of public, private and mixed institutions and norms, partially orchestrated by IOs, that we call 'Transnational New Governance' (TNG). With proper orchestration by IOs, TNG can ameliorate both 'state failure' - the inadequacies of IOG - and 'market failure' - the problems that result when the creation and evolution of norm-setting institutions is highly decentralized. Orchestration thus provides a significant way for IOs to improve their regulatory performance. Some IOs already engage actively with private actors and institutions - we provide a range of illustrations, highlighting the activities of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). Yet there remains a significant 'orchestration deficit' that provides real opportunities for IOs. We draw on the lessons of existing IO activities to suggest additional possibilities for improving IO performance. ; 1. Ein internationales regulatorisches System neuer Art entsteht derzeit spontan aus dem Versagen der internationalen 'Old Governance' - also der bestehenden internationalen Verträge und Organisationen - dabei, den internationalen Handel angemessen zu regulieren. Nichtregierungsorganisationen, Unternehmen und andere Akteure - allein und in ganz neuen Kombinationen - schaffen sich neue internationale Einrichtungen, um transnationale Normen auf internationale Geschäftstätigkeit anzuwenden. Es geht dabei vornehmlich um private Einrichtungen, die vor allem über freiwillige Standardbefolgung wirken. In diesem Beitrag werden die unterschiedlichen Regulierungseinrichtungen als Teil eines 'Governance Dreiecks' beschreiben und das geschieht vor allem in Blick darauf, welche Rollen die unterschiedlichen Akteure in ihrer Tätigkeit spielen. Um dieses komplexe System zu untersuchen passen wir das innenpolitische Regulierungsmodell der 'New Governance' an den internationalen Rahmen an. Die 'Transnational New Governance' enthält viele Vorteile der 'New Governance' und sie ist für die internationale Regulierung besonders angemessen, weil sie geringere Anforderungen an die Staatenwelt und an die intergouvernementalen Organisationen, die IGOs, stellen. Allerdings ist es für eine wirksame 'Transnational New Governance' weiterhin erforderlich, dass die Staaten und die IGOs das internationale regulatorische System 'orchestrieren'. Das heutige internationale regulatorische System leidet allerdings unter einem Orchestrierungsdefizit. Würden die Staaten und die IGOs die 'anweisende' und 'ermöglichende' Orchestrierungsfunktion des 'Transnational New Governance System' ausbauen, dann stärkten sie die privaten regulatorischen Standards von hoher Qualität, verbesserten das internationale regulatorische System und könnten ihre eigenen regulatorischen Ziele besser verwirklichen. 2. Internationale Organisationen (IOs) werden vielfach ob Ihrer Ineffizienz kritisiert. Allerdings konzentrieren sich Wissenschaftler und Praktiker bei dieser Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit von IOs häufig auf Maßstäbe, die den herkömmlichen Formen von Governance - wie internationalen Verträgen und den Mechanismen für die Schlichtung zwischenstaatlicher Konflikte - entlehnt sind. Soweit eine ungenügende Leistung festgestellt wird, empfehlen sie zudem meist, Tätigkeiten der traditionellen Art zu verstärken. Wir bezeichnen dies als ein Sich-Verlassen auf die herkömmlichen staats-basierten Mechanismen, als 'International Old Governance' (IOG). Man versteht die IOs besser und verbessert ihre Leistungsfähigkeit aber der Situation weitaus angemessener, wenn man die gesamte Vielfalt wirklicher und möglicher IO-Tätigkeiten in den Blick nimmt: Das umfasst vor allem, dass die IOs private Akteure und Organisationen einbeziehen, mit ihnen zusammenarbeiten, ihre Aktivitäten stützen, sie formen und ihnen Richtung geben. Diese Tätigkeiten schaffen ein fein gesponnenes globales Netzwerk von öffentlichen, privaten und gemischten Organisationen und Normen, das seinerseits teilweise durch die IOs orchestriert wird. Dieses Netzwerk bezeichnen wir als 'Transnational New Governance' (TNG). Wenn die Orchestrierung durch IOs gut funktioniert kann sie auch Staatsversagen (state failure) abmildern - also hier die Inadäquanzen von 'International Organization Governance' - und ebenso kann sie Marktversagen ausgleichen, also die Probleme, die sich ergeben wenn Herausbildung und Schaffung normgebender Einrichtungen höchst dezentralisiert verläuft. Über die Orchestrierung können die IOs auch die Leistungsfähigkeit ihrer Regulierungen erhöhen. Einige IOs sind schon jetzt stark zusammen mit privaten Akteuren und Einrichtungen unterwegs; in diesem Beitrag mustern wir das Spektrum solcher Aktivitäten. Wir betonen dabei die Unternehmungen des UN Environment Programme (UNEP), des Umweltprogramms der VN. Allerdings verbleibt ein erhebliches 'Orchestrierungsdefizit', das für die IOs zugleich Herausforderung und Chance ist. Wir stützten uns auf den Erfahrungsschatz der vorgefundenen IO-Aktivitäten, um den Möglichkeitsraum der IOs für die Zukunft auszumessen und Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Leistungsfähigkeit von IOs anzuregen.
Not Available ; The challenges of technology upscaling Returns from agricultural research are realized only when improved technologies are adopted by the farmers. There are numerous examples of excellent technologies that work well at the research farms, on farmers' fields, or in a whole village but fail to move beyond. For successful upscaling, besides technology it self, large number of other factors like farmers' resources, land holding, market prices, institutional support and Government policies come into play. Technologies related to improved seed, agro-chemicals, machinery and irrigation are adopted more quickly, but natural resource management practices like soil and water management, cropping systems and any integrated crop management practicies are more difficult to be upscaled. As we move into the 21st century, the sustainability of agriculture depends on how we manage our natural resources efficiently. Though it is challenging, we need to devise ways and means of upscaling the system based technologies. Innovations in technology transfer through working with communities is one of the approaches to overcome this problem. Under National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), CRIDA has attempted technology upscaling in 8 village clusters of Andhra Pradesh in the livelihood security project. Our experience so far indicates that for successful upscaling of system based technologies, it is important to pay attention to village level institutions and support systems in addition to the technology itself. For example, CRIDA has successfully implemented ground water sharing innovation in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh where by building necessary institutional mechanism, the cropping intensity was increased, water productivity enhanced and fallow lands brought under cultivation. Like-wise, several other innovations were introduced for upscaling technologies related to varietal adoption, farm machinery and livestock production. We need to mainstream such approaches into our formal research system. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture CRIDA - News Letter 2 NEW RESEARCH INITIATIVES RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Trend of solar radiation during southwest monsoon season Solar Radiation over Indo-Gangetic Plains Solar radiation is one of the most important factors affecting crop environment. It provides energy for photosynthesis. There are reports that global dimming, which refers to the reduction in solar radiation is also taking place along with global warming. A study was carried out on the solar radiation trends in IndoGangetic plains during 1970-2009. It showed significant declining trend during summer, northeast monsoon and winter seasons. It may be due to increasing aerosol content in the atmosphere. The presence of high concentration of aerosols may trim down incoming solar radiation (Solar dimming) which in turn reduces photosynthesis and thus crop production. Further, studies are required to clearly understand its impact on crop yields and initiate efforts to reduce atmospheric aerosol concentration by reducing pollution. VUM Rao & AVM Subba Rao National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture ICAR has initiated a new scheme, National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) which is approved by the Cabinet on 15 December, 2010 with an outlay Rs.200 crores for 2010-11 and 150 crores for 2011-12. This scheme has three components, i.e. (i) strategic research on adaptation and mitigation on important grain and horticulture crops critical for food security, livestock and fisheries, (ii) technology demonstration in 100 most vulnerable districts on best bet practices to cope with current climate variability and (iii) capacity building of different stakeholders (scientists, policy makers, extension staff and farmers) on climate change. The distinctive features of the scheme are: • Critical assessment of different crops/zones in the country for vulnerability to climatic stresses and extreme events, in particular, intra seasonal variability of rainfall. • Installation of the state-of-the-art equipment like flux towers for measurement of green house gases in large field areas to understand the impact of management practices on emissions. • Rapid and large scale screening of crop germplasm including wild relatives for drought and heat tolerance through phenomics platforms for quick identification of promising lines and early development and release of heat/drought tolerant varieties. • Comprehensive field evaluation of new and emerging approaches of paddy cultivation like aerobic rice and SRI for their contribution to reduce the GHG emissions and water saving. • Special attention to livestock and fishery sectors including aquaculture which have not received enough attention in climate change research in the past. • Thorough understanding of crop-pest/pathogen relationship and emergence of new biotypes due to climate change. • Simultaneous up scaling of the outputs both through KVKs and the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture for wider adoption by the farmers. The Scheme will be implemented for the remaining two years of XI Plan involving seven key Institutes as major partners and collaborating with 14 other Institutes of ICAR for strategic research on climate resilience. Simultaneously, demonstration of the existing technologies to cope with current climate variability will be undertaken in 100 districts through KVKs. This programme will be coordinated by CRIDA, Hyderabad ; Not Available
O presente artigo tem por objeto abordar o tema da práxis da inclusão e a relação com os Núcleos de Atendimento a Pessoas com Necessidades Específicas – NAPNEs - no âmbito dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, enfatizando a importância dos espaços formais que promovem e executam as legislações e diretrizes de inclusão por meio de ações e práticas de Atendimento Educacional Especializado, como agentes que facilitam a entrada, permanência e saída com êxito do discente com deficiência nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. O método utilizado foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, abordando alguns conceitos que embasam a importância da inclusão além da teoria e do discurso para a educação e o mundo do trabalho, e documental, demonstrando as práticas inclusivas estabelecidas nas legislações e informações sobre a criação e finalidade dos NAPNEs. Os mesmos atuam na inclusão articulada com a Educação Profissional e Tecnológica, sendo agentes de transformação na vida dos discentes com os demais tipos de deficiências, possibilitando uma vida mais autônoma, independente e proporcionando melhorias no processo formativo de aquisição de conhecimentos. Com o desafio de aplicar as legislações vigentes de inclusão na prática, os NAPNEs podem encontrar na práxis da inclusão a ação transformadora e libertadora, que cria e modifica realidades até então determinadas por sistemas excludentes, colaborando na construção de sociedades abertas à diversidadee construindo, dentro do espaço formal de aprendizagem, a prática libertadora da condição de oprimido, para uma formação humana educacional e profissional mais completa.Palavras-chave: Educação inclusiva. Formação humana. Institutos Federais. Práticas inclusivas.The Inclusive Praxis of the Centers of Attention to People with Specific Needs and their Relevance in Professional and Technological EducationABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to address the theme of the inclusion praxis and the relationship with the Centers of Assistance to People with Specific Needs (NAPNEs) within the Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology, emphasizing the importance of the formal spaces that promote and implement the legislation and guidelines for inclusion through actions and practices of Specialized Educational Assistance, as agents that facilitate the successful entry, stay and exit of the student with disabilities in the teaching and learning processes. The method used was the bibliographical research, addressing some concepts that support the importance of inclusion besides theory and discourse for education and the world of work, and documentary, demonstrating the inclusive practices established in the legislations and information on the creation and purpose of the NAPNEs. They act in the articulated inclusion with the Professional and Technological Education, being agents of transformation in the life of the students with the other types of deficiencies, enabling a more autonomous life, independent and providing improvements in the formative process of knowledge acquisition. With the challenge of applying current legislation for inclusion in practice, NAPNEs can find in the praxis of inclusion transformative and liberating action that creates and modifies realities hitherto determined by exclusionary systems, collaborating in the construction of societies open to diversity and building, within the formal learning space, the liberating practice of the condition of the oppressed, for a more complete human educational and professional formation.Keywords: Inclusive education. Human formation. Federal Institutes. Inclusive practices.La Práxis Inclusiva de los Núcleos de Atención a Personas con Necesidades Específicas y su Relevancia en la Educación Profesional y TecnológicaRESUMENEl presente artículo tiene por objeto abordar el tema de la praxis de la inclusión y la relación con los Núcleos de Atención a Personas con Necesidades Específicas - NAPNEs - en el ámbito de los Institutos Federales de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología, enfatizando la importancia de los espacios formales que promueven y se ejecutan las legislaciones y directrices de inclusión a través de acciones y prácticas de Atención Educativa Especializada, como agentes que facilitan la entrada, permanencia y salida con éxito del alumnado con discapacidad en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El método utilizado fue la investigación bibliográfica, abordando algunos conceptos que fundamentan la importancia de la inclusión más allá de la teoría y del discurso para la educación y el mundo del trabajo, y documental, demostrando las prácticas inclusivas establecidas en las legislaciones e informaciones sobre la creación y finalidad de los mismos. NAPNEs. Los mismos actúan en la inclusión articulada con la Educación Profesional y Tecnológica, siendo agentes de transformación en la vida de los discentes con los demás tipos de deficiencias, posibilitando una vida más autónoma, independiente y proporcionando mejoras en el proceso formativo de adquisición de conocimientos. Con el desafío de aplicar las legislaciones vigentes de inclusión en la práctica, los NAPNEs pueden encontrar en la praxis de la inclusión la acción transformadora y liberadora, que crea y modifica realidades hasta entonces determinadas por sistemas excluyentes, colaborando en la construcción de sociedades abiertas a la diversidad y construyendo, dentro del espacio formal de aprendizaje, la práctica liberadora de la condición de oprimido, para una formación humana educativa y profesional más completa.Palabras clave: Educación inclusiva. Formación humana. Institutos Federales. Prácticas inclusivas.
We present DES16C3cje, a low-luminosity, long-lived type II supernova (SN II) at redshift 0.0618, detected by the Dark Energy Survey (DES). DES16C3cje is a unique SN. The spectra are characterized by extremely narrow photospheric lines corresponding to very low expansion velocities of1500 km s, and the light curve shows an initial peak that fades after 50 d before slowly rebrightening over a further 100 d to reach an absolute brightness of M ∼-15.5 mag. The decline rate of the late-time light curve is then slower than that expected from the powering by radioactive decay of Co, but is comparable to that expected from accretion power. Comparing the bolometric light curve with hydrodynamical models, we find that DES16C3cje can be explained by either (i) a low explosion energy (0.11 foe) and relatively large Ni production of 0.075 M from an ∼15 M red supergiant progenitor typical of other SNe II, or (ii) a relatively compact ∼40 M star, explosion energy of 1 foe, and 0.08 M of Ni. Both scenarios require additional energy input to explain the late-time light curve, which is consistent with fallback accretion at a rate of ∼0.5 × 10 M s. ; The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2015-71825, ESP2015-66861, FPA2015-68048, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciênciae Tecnologia (INCT) e-Universe (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). Some of the data presented here were obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovac¸ão (Brazil). Gemini observations were obtained under programme NOAO GS-2016B-Q-9. CPG and MS acknowledge support from EU/FP7-ERC grant No. [615929]. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090. TWC acknowledgments the funding provided by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. MF is supported by a Royal Society–Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. MG is supported by the Polish NCN MAESTRO grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121. MN is supported by a Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundac¸ão Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovac¸ão, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. This work has been partially supported by the Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 within the European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER). Part of the funding for GROND (both hardware as well as personnel) was generously granted from the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
本研究聚焦2009年到2013年,中國廣州的一場圍繞垃圾處理展開的社會運動。運動最初是當地居民動員起來反對市政府垃圾焚燒項目的鄰避抗爭。勝利後,運動領袖成立了一個環保組織,和政府從對抗走向合作,力圖推动焚燒技術以外的替代性垃圾治理方案。不過,儘管政府和環保者致力於解決垃圾,垃圾問題在消費社會中始終無法消除。本研究試圖理解後社會主義中國的綠色治理和環保行動之間的對抗與合作。 ; 首先,我分析當代中國高速城市化和消費社會急速發展所帶來的垃圾危機。然后,我檢視圍繞垃圾焚燒技術的主要爭議,並描繪廣州居民是如何針對政府計劃中的垃圾焚燒項目做出抗爭的。我指出,他們結合地方性知識和科學話語,將自己建構為"常民專家",對全球性的焚燒科技的"地方適用性"作出成功挑战。接下來,我提供一個民族誌,追溯抗議成功后運動的歷史軌跡。我注意到,通過成立一個環保組織"EC",反焚運動走向合法化、組織化和制度化,抗爭被體制吸納,轉變為參與協助國家環境治理的運動。最後,我描繪EC與广州政府聯手推動的垃圾分類運動。指出,國家在此運動中的尷尬身份、以利潤為導向的回收市場影響、理想化的垃圾分類知識與普通民眾的知識存在斷裂,都使得推動垃圾分類異常艱難。 ; 通過展示運動變遷與國家治理轉型相互交織的辯證关系,本研究挑戰了國家與社會的二元對立,指出在國家在治理轉型過程中不斷收編反抗的行動和話語,而於此同時反焚者又在不斷生產新的另類知識做出挑戰。此外,本研究還貢獻於對廢棄物的理解,將廢棄物視為是一個動態的範疇,國家、市場、科學技術、普通消費者、環保行動者等多個行動者共同生產、競爭、建構其意義。還有,本研究對於科技知識的普遍性的探討,對科學技術研究領域做出了貢獻。 ; This is a study on social movements that focused on waste treatment in Guangzhou, China from 2009-2013. The campaign began as a NIMBY (Not-In-My-Backyard) movement that mobilized community residents to protest against municipal government's proposed incineration projects. After its success, the movement leaders changed their dissident role to form an environmental protection NGO, collaborating with the state to explore alternative waste treatment solutions other than incineration. However, despite of the politicians and activists' attempt to eliminate waste, waste continues to exist in tandem of our consumption spree. I endeavor to understand the contradiction as well as collusion between green governance and environmental activisms in post-socialist China. ; Firstly, I analyze the garbage crisis caused by the rapid urbanization and the dramatic growth of consumer society in contemporary China. Then I examine a few major technological controversies of waste incineration and depict how the activists protest against the pro-incineration government. I argue that through deploying local knowledge, the activists, as "lay experts", successfully challenged the "local appropriateness" of the global technology of incineration. Next, I provide an in-depth ethnography of the transformation of this campaign after its ...
Co-ordinator of project SESI : Eric Verdier - LEST (France). Partners : Alice Lam - CBS (United Kingdom) ; Christoph Buechtemann – CRIS (Germany) ; Helena Lopes - DINAMIA (Portugal) ; Lorenz Lassnigg - IHS (Austria) ; Jean-Michel Plassard - LIRHE (France) 132 p. ; The objective of the research was to gather empirical evidence about efficient ways of organising the linkages and interfaces between higher education institutions (including research units) and private sector firms in order to spur industrial innovation. One of the project's principal aims was to combine two dimensions which are often considered separately : firstly, the construction of the competences and the professionalities of the actors involved in innovation, and, secondly, transfers of knowledge from higher education to firms and vice versa. Five European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Portugal, UK) were selected in order to provide, at least by way of an initial hypothesis, national systems that were sufficiently disparate from the point of view of the resources "offered" to companies, be it in terms of institutions, organisations or actors. It was essential to include the United States. Indeed, the relations between higher education and companies which have evolved in that country are undoubtedly an international point of reference Three sectors were chosen in each country as being representative of the new challenges emerging for the relationship between higher education and industry in key sectors where generic technologies are tending to develop, albeit in different ways. The investigations within more than 40 firms form the empirical basis of this project. The main results could be summarized as follows : 1.The type of skills and competence profiles required of R&D workers are now more demanding in multiple dimensions, particularly in the combination of technical disciplinary expertise with a broad range of business, management and social skills. Emerging evidence suggests that firms are developing 'extended internal labour markets' (EILMs ) through closer links with key universities. The social networks embedded in such EILMs facilitate training and rapid transmission of evolving (uncodified) knowledge. 2. The sample of multinational firms we have selected enables us to take stock of the moves towards industrial rationalization taken by firms seeking to develop their technological globalization strategies by exploiting a diversity of cognitive resources. Preparation for the recruitment and integration of young graduates play crucial roles in the absorption of knowledge. 3. We found six coherent types of science industry relations that we describe precisely. These results further confirm the criticality of research agendas compatibility, favouring two different ways of collaborating associating an industrial partner and an academic one. 4. The analysis identifies four main types of intermediate actors : those actors who are the medium for an economic relationship between the firm and the HERS; the "gatekeepers", who work for a firm or a HERS ; the hybrid actors have been through the process of aligning the practices, rules and values of their "home" system (industry or academia) with those of their partner ; those who are involved in the trilateral network but are independent or on the road to being independent of the partners. 5. Labour-market entry of graduates is one of the factors which allows us to introduce all the signalling/human capital/network problematics and relate it to the emergence of an new form of labour market which combines the mechanisms of the internal and external markets. In spite of this diversity of practices, however, we maintain the hypothesis that it is possible to identify dominant forms of these relations which differ from one country to another. 6. Nevertheless the report insists on the increasing human capital mobility in high tech sectors and supply some evidence of an emerging European innovation systems. 7. Considering a US-Germany comparison, we infer that in IPR matters, German public research institutes – representative of the European continental situation - are facing a dilemma: they need to provide more pre-development type services for industry, involving stricter IPR claims from corporate partners and they also need to retain IPR in core areas of expertise in order to prevent a "bleeding out" and remain a partner for industry in the future. Finally the report provides different policy formulations and recommendations. We underline that for firms, the main objective is to resolve the problems posed by the transition from knowledge to competences. With an OLM of PhD level, the firms, especially very small ones, enable to have easier access to a suitably trained workforce. By promoting the circulation of knowledge, these markets help to reduce the previous conceptual gaps and to promote the creation of greater absorptive capacities at firms, as well as sustaining the spirit of mutual trust and reciprocity in which these networks were founded. At the national level, the lessons learned by public policy makers will be dealt with them in the general following order : - The United Kingdom, where the policies and regulations are typically market oriented is undergoing a process of specialization. - In France and Germany, where the relations between Science and Industry are facing fairly similar challenges, the scenario tends to alternated between radical change and a process of accommodation. - Austria and Portugal, which have rather different technological and industrial structures, but are both facing the special challenge of adapting the small scale national systems of innovation to the European Union and world-wide competition in general.
Co-ordinator of project SESI : Eric Verdier - LEST (France). Partners : Alice Lam - CBS (United Kingdom) ; Christoph Buechtemann – CRIS (Germany) ; Helena Lopes - DINAMIA (Portugal) ; Lorenz Lassnigg - IHS (Austria) ; Jean-Michel Plassard - LIRHE (France) 356 p. ; The objective of the research was to gather empirical evidence about efficient ways of organising the linkages and interfaces between higher education institutions (including research units) and private sector firms in order to spur industrial innovation. One of the project's principal aims was to combine two dimensions which are often considered separately : firstly, the construction of the competences and the professionalities of the actors involved in innovation, and, secondly, transfers of knowledge from higher education to firms and vice versa. Five European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Portugal, UK) were selected in order to provide, at least by way of an initial hypothesis, national systems that were sufficiently disparate from the point of view of the resources "offered" to companies, be it in terms of institutions, organisations or actors. It was essential to include the United States. Indeed, the relations between higher education and companies which have evolved in that country are undoubtedly an international point of reference Three sectors were chosen in each country as being representative of the new challenges emerging for the relationship between higher education and industry in key sectors where generic technologies are tending to develop, albeit in different ways. The investigations within more than 40 firms form the empirical basis of this project. The main results could be summarized as follows : 1.The type of skills and competence profiles required of R&D workers are now more demanding in multiple dimensions, particularly in the combination of technical disciplinary expertise with a broad range of business, management and social skills. Emerging evidence suggests that firms are developing 'extended internal labour markets' (EILMs ) through closer links with key universities. The social networks embedded in such EILMs facilitate training and rapid transmission of evolving (uncodified) knowledge. 2. The sample of multinational firms we have selected enables us to take stock of the moves towards industrial rationalization taken by firms seeking to develop their technological globalization strategies by exploiting a diversity of cognitive resources. Preparation for the recruitment and integration of young graduates play crucial roles in the absorption of knowledge. 3. We found six coherent types of science industry relations that we describe precisely. These results further confirm the criticality of research agendas compatibility, favouring two different ways of collaborating associating an industrial partner and an academic one. 4. The analysis identifies four main types of intermediate actors : those actors who are the medium for an economic relationship between the firm and the HERS; the "gatekeepers", who work for a firm or a HERS ; the hybrid actors have been through the process of aligning the practices, rules and values of their "home" system (industry or academia) with those of their partner ; those who are involved in the trilateral network but are independent or on the road to being independent of the partners. 5. Labour-market entry of graduates is one of the factors which allows us to introduce all the signalling/human capital/network problematics and relate it to the emergence of an new form of labour market which combines the mechanisms of the internal and external markets. In spite of this diversity of practices, however, we maintain the hypothesis that it is possible to identify dominant forms of these relations which differ from one country to another. 6. Nevertheless the report insists on the increasing human capital mobility in high tech sectors and supply some evidence of an emerging European innovation systems. 7. Considering a US-Germany comparison, we infer that in IPR matters, German public research institutes – representative of the European continental situation - are facing a dilemma: they need to provide more pre-development type services for industry, involving stricter IPR claims from corporate partners and they also need to retain IPR in core areas of expertise in order to prevent a "bleeding out" and remain a partner for industry in the future. Finally the report provides different policy formulations and recommendations. We underline that for firms, the main objective is to resolve the problems posed by the transition from knowledge to competences. With an OLM of PhD level, the firms, especially very small ones, enable to have easier access to a suitably trained workforce. By promoting the circulation of knowledge, these markets help to reduce the previous conceptual gaps and to promote the creation of greater absorptive capacities at firms, as well as sustaining the spirit of mutual trust and reciprocity in which these networks were founded. At the national level, the lessons learned by public policy makers will be dealt with them in the general following order : - The United Kingdom, where the policies and regulations are typically market oriented is undergoing a process of specialization. - In France and Germany, where the relations between Science and Industry are facing fairly similar challenges, the scenario tends to alternated between radical change and a process of accommodation. - Austria and Portugal, which have rather different technological and industrial structures, but are both facing the special challenge of adapting the small scale national systems of innovation to the European Union and world-wide competition in general.
Message from Gen. Lázaro Cárdenas to the Mexican people making public his opinion and government goals in view of the agitation by members of various social classes who are damaging the progress of the public administration. Cárdenas states that it is the moment for those who support the socialist movement in Mexico, to take responsibility with the people and to realize that their acts must be based on good faith, selflessness and patriotism. He declares that he has never promoted political division among revolutionary men. To the contrary, his friends and supporters are witnesses of his claims for peace within members of the same group. Those who did not get the appointments they expected have been dedicated themselves to complicate his administration, not only with their intrigues and rumors, but also with reproachable methods of disloyalty and treason. He considers that the strikes by the workers movement are consequence of the readjustment of interests in production, but that he is committed to enforce the laws and the revolutionary program to solve the problem with production. He is determined to accomplish the program of the National Revolutionary Party expressed in the Six Year National Plan. He guarantees to workers and employers legal protection. He will not allow abuses and he trusts that worker and peasant organizations will work with patriotism. Finally, he states that he is aware of his responsibilities and if he has made any mistakes, it was not intentionally. He urges revolutionary men to keep collaborating with him. Presidential message to the nation: national dignity and sovereignty impose themselves to rebellion of oil companies. He addresses the issue created by companies that do not want to obey the laws and declares their expropriation for a common good and for the progress of the country's economy. He makes an account of the issue with the oil companies in Mexico, of their abuses and bad treatment to the national workers. He adds that the only way to defend the national dignity and sovereignty is to expropriate. Despite the issues that this measure will cause in the national and international sphere. President Lázaro Cárdenas signs it. It does not include the place nor the date. This document was donated by Mr. Jaime Kuri in 1936. / Mensaje del Gral. Lázaro Cárdenas al pueblo de México con objeto hacer públicos su opinión y propósitos de gobierno en vista de la agitación manifestada por elementos de diversas clases sociales, en perjuicio de la marcha normal de la administración pública. Afirma Cárdenas que es momento para que todos los que se identifiquen con el movimiento socialista de México, definan y asuman la responsabilidad histórica que han contraído con el pueblo, dándose cuenta de que sus actos deben ceñirse únicamente a la buena fe, al desinterés y al patriotismo. Asegura que él jamás ha instigado divisiones políticas en el seno del grupo de hombres de la Revolución, al contrario, sus amigos y partidarios son testigos de que él siempre ha aconsejado serenidad a varios elementos del mismo grupo que por no haber obtenido los puestos que esperaban se han dedicado a dificultar su gobierno, no sólo con sus intrigas y murmuraciones sino que han recurrido a métodos reprobables de deslealtad y traición. En cuanto a los problemas que se han presentado con los trabajadores y que han provocado movimientos huelguísticos, él considera que son consecuencia del reajuste de intereses representados por los dos factores de la producción, pero que él está resuelto a obrar en forma enérgica para que se cumplan las leyes y el programa emanado de la Revolución para reglamentar el problema del equilibrio de la producción, que está decidido a llevar a término el programa del Partido Nacional Revolucionario contenido en el Plan Sexenal y reitera a trabajadores y patrones que a todos se impartirán garantías y la protección de la ley, que no se permitirán abusos y que tiene confianza en que las organizaciones de obreros y campesinos sabrán actuar con patriotismo. Finalmente declara que está consciente de sus responsabilidades, que si ha cometido errores no son por perversidad ni mala fe y exhorta a los hombres de la Revolución a seguir colaborando con el Ejecutivo. Mensaje Presidencial a la Nación: la dignidad y la soberanía de la patria se imponen ante la rebeldía de las empresas petroleras. Plantea el problema creado por las compañías que no acatan nuestras leyes y declara su expropiación por causa del bien común y para la buena marcha de la economía del país. Hace una historia del desarrollo del conflicto, de las compañías petroleras en México, de sus abusos y mal trato a los trabajadores nacionales y añade que el único camino para defender nuestra dignidad y soberanía es aplicando la Ley de Expropiación a pesar de las dificultades y problemas que esta medida provocaría tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional. Firmado por el Presidente de la República Lázaro Cárdenas. No tiene fecha ni lugar de procedencia. El documento fue donado a este Archivo por el Sr. Jaime Kuri en 1936.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that reproductive factors are differentially associated with breast cancer (BC) risk by subtypes. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between reproductive factors and BC subtypes, and whether these vary by age at diagnosis. METHODS: We used pooled data on tumor markers (estrogen and progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)) and reproductive risk factors (parity, age at first full-time pregnancy (FFTP) and age at menarche) from 28,095 patients with invasive BC from 34 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). In a case-only analysis, we used logistic regression to assess associations between reproductive factors and BC subtype compared to luminal A tumors as a reference. The interaction between age and parity in BC subtype risk was also tested, across all ages and, because age was modeled non-linearly, specifically at ages 35, 55 and 75 years. RESULTS: Parous women were more likely to be diagnosed with triple negative BC (TNBC) than with luminal A BC, irrespective of age (OR for parity = 1.38, 95% CI 1.16-1.65, p = 0.0004; p for interaction with age = 0.076). Parous women were also more likely to be diagnosed with luminal and non-luminal HER2-like BCs and this effect was slightly more pronounced at an early age (p for interaction with age = 0.037 and 0.030, respectively). For instance, women diagnosed at age 35 were 1.48 (CI 1.01-2.16) more likely to have luminal HER2-like BC than luminal A BC, while this association was not significant at age 75 (OR = 0.72, CI 0.45-1.14). While age at menarche was not significantly associated with BC subtype, increasing age at FFTP was non-linearly associated with TNBC relative to luminal A BC. An age at FFTP of 25 versus 20 years lowered the risk for TNBC (OR = 0.78, CI 0.70-0.88, p < 0.0001), but this effect was not apparent at a later FFTP. CONCLUSIONS: Our main findings suggest that parity is associated with TNBC across all ages at BC diagnosis, whereas the association with luminal HER2-like BC was present only for early onset BC. ; BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A12014) and by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. M.C.S. is an NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009 4363); BBMRI-NL, which is a Research Infrastructure financed by the Dutch government (NWO 184.021.007); and the Dutch National Genomics Initiative. The ACP study is funded by the Breast Cancer Research Trust, UK. The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Fond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The CECILE study was funded by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Ligue contre le Cancer Grand Ouest, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council and Herlev Hospital. The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer and grants from the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer and the Fondo de Investigación Sanitario (PI11/00923 and PI12/00070). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0 and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, The Nordic Cancer Union and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HERPACC was supported by MEXT Kakenhi (No. 170150181 and 26253041) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, by a Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Applying Health Technology from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund, and "Practical Research for Innovative Cancer Control (15ck0106177h0001)" from Japan Agency for Medical Research and development, AMED, and Cancer Bio Bank Aichi. Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KARMA study was supported by Märit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. Financial support for the AOCS was provided by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD17-01-1-0729), Cancer Council Victoria, Queensland Cancer Fund, Cancer Council New South Wales, Cancer Council South Australia, The Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, Cancer Council Tasmania and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC; 400413, 400281, 199600). G.C.T. and P.W. are supported by the NHMRC. RB was a Cancer Institute NSW Clinical Research Fellow. LAABC is supported by grants (1RB-0287, 3 PB-0102, 5 PB-0018, 10 PB-0098) from the California Breast Cancer Research Program. Incident breast cancer cases were collected by the USC Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) which is supported under subcontract by the California Department of Health. The CSP is also part of the National Cancer Institute's Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, under contract number N01CN25403. LMBC is supported by the 'Stichting tegen Kanker' (232-2008 and 196-2010). Diether Lambrechts is supported by the FWO and the KULPFV/10/016-SymBioSysII. The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. (70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419), the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany (01KH0402). MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects "5x1000"). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA192393, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553 and 504711 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. MYBRCA is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF). Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Eye Research Institute, which was supported by a grant from the Biomedical Research Council (BMRC08/1/35/19/550), Singapore and the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (NMRC/CG/SERI/2010). The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant number 250083, 122715 and Center of Excellence grant number 251314), the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the University of Oulu, the University of Oulu Support Foundation and the special Governmental EVO funds for Oulu University Hospital-based research activities. The Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997-1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL CP16). The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCGS was supported primarily by NIH grants R01CA64277, R01CA148667, and R37CA70867. Biological sample preparation was conducted using the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The scientific development and funding of this project were, in part, supported by the Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) Network U19 CA148065. The SBCS was supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research S295, S299, S305PA and Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre. SEARCH is funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. SEBCS was supported by the BRL (Basic Research Laboratory) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0000347). The TBCS was funded by The National Cancer Institute Thailand. The TWBCS is supported by the Taiwan Biobank project of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The UKBGS is funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. ; Sí