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Weinvestigatedtheperceivedvalueofgovernmentprogramsonearly- childhood development as a means of reducing childhood poverty. We incorpo- rated preferences for the process as well as the outcome by developing two stated- preference survey instruments. One survey directly elicited respondents' willing- ness to pay specifically for high-quality, intensive, early-childhood development programs at federal and state levels. A second survey elicited respondents' pref- erences for increasing or decreasing taxes and reallocating expenditures between other government programs and early-childhood programs. We found that respon- dents cared greatly about how childhood poverty was reduced, not just reducing poverty per se. The perceived effectiveness of a program and ideological perspec- tive were found to be important determinants of preferences for a poverty-reduction program. Respondents across all groups, including conservatives and respondents who perceived the effectiveness of early-childhood programs to be low, were not in favor of reducing the early-childhood program.

COVID-19 has caused a serious crisis in emerging economies, bringing increased nemployment rates and millions of inhabitants living in extreme poverty. The objective of this document is to analyze the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, unemployment and poverty in Mexico, a country that for several decades had been distinguished by various disparities in population sectors. To be consistent with this purpose, we will use theoretical contributions from authors who have paid in this regard, as well as presenting information that official instances of our country have released in the period from 2018 to date -National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) and Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). As a prelude, we can point out that the results obtained by these agencies show that, for the second quarter of 2020 compared to the same period of 2018, working poverty increased by almost 16 percentage points. While formal employment for the second quarter between 2019 and 2020, had a drop of approximately 1 point. The document closes with an outline of concrete alternatives that will have to be materialized in public policies so that the situation portrayed improves, that is, from our perspective we offer possible focuses where the federal and local governments should focus their efforts in terms of programs and Actions aimed at the vulnerable population, which obviously implies the need for greater public investment for infrastructure that allows economic reactivation

Unemployment and poverty have been the major causes of crime in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. The main objective of this paper was to show the connections among unemployment, poverty and crime in Nigeria. It also examined unemployment and poverty rates in Nigeria. The research design adopted for this paper is cross-sectional and explanatory. The paper adopted conceptual framework to show the nexus among the concepts. It used secondary sources of data collection and data analysis was based on content analysis. The study revealed that there is a strong link between unemployment, poverty and crime in Nigeria. The relationship among the concepts is bi-directional. Unemployment has adverse effect on poverty and crime rate. So also poverty negatively affects unemployment and crime rates. Increase in crime rates leads to increase in unemployment and poverty. The paper therefore recommended amongst others that the rate of unemployment must reduce if poverty and crime must reduce. Also the rate of unemployment can be reduced through provision of jobs which will consequently reduce the rate of poverty and also make crime unattractive on the long run.

Mainstream poverty research -- even after experts had generally accepted the need for a multidimensional view of poverty that goes beyond income/consumption measures to take account of holdings of assets and hence of longer run security (see Chambers 1988, 1992) -- has generally failed to address the dynamic, structural and relational factors that give rise to poverty. There is a great deal of technically sophisticated research, much of it based on household surveys, that has provided ever more detailed profiles of poverty in different countries and regions. This research has also produced a number of studies of 'poverty dynamics' that show the implications, for example, of the distribution of assets in a society or of access to human capital. One such study is by the World Bank entitled 'Why some people escape from poverty and others don't' (Grootaert et al 1995). In general this research tends to converge around much the same conclusions: household characteristics, especially dependency ratios, matter; ownership of assets is highly significant; access to insurance such as that provided by holding a regular, secure job, or through being able to claim such a resource as a ration card, matters; and education counts for a lot. Lately these studies have been extended to take account into social relationships through the concept of social capital. But it is perhaps still the case -- as exemplified by Guatemala (Ibanez et al. 2002) -- that it is the better educated, relatively wealthy, middle-aged men who enjoy most of the social capital. Adapted from the source document.

This volume provides a set of six case studies from West Africa. These assess the benefits of growth (or the costs of a lack of growth) in terms of poverty reduction in those countries. The first part of this book describes the experience of two countries (Ghana and Senegal) that achieved high levels of growth in the 1990s, and that also experienced important reductions in poverty, even though growth was not strictly pro-poor. The second part describes the experience of two other countries (Burkina Faso and Cape Verde) that also achieved high levels of growth in the 1990s, but where there was an initial perception that growth did not lead to much poverty reduction. The more detailed analysis of poverty presented here suggests however that these two countries did witness a sharp reduction in their population share in poverty, as would have been expected given their growth record. Finally, in the third part, the authors argue that a lack of growth in the 1990s in Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria has been a key reason for their persistently high levels of poverty. Overall, the case studies in this Working Paper make a strong case for the positive impact of growth on poverty reduction in West Africa. However, they also point to the need to pay close attention to changes in inequality, because such changes have limited the gains from growth for the poor in several of the countries considered here.

There is limited literature on currently practicing healthcare workers' attitudes toward people in poverty and real-world impact of their attitudes in terms of healthcare access and outcomes. The purpose of the study: determine attitudes of healthcare workers to determine if educational interventions were needed and to fill a gap in scholarly literature. Educational interventions for healthcare workers may improve healthcare access and outcomes. A mixed methods survey study examined relationships among demographics of healthcare workers (n=448) in attitudes toward people in poverty utilizing The Attitudes toward Poverty Short Form (ATP-SF). Qualitative questions explored barriers and self-efficacy for those in poverty. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and qualitative coding. Statistically significant differences emerged in relation to county, healthcare occupation, and religions affiliation (p = .001) as well as educational level, type of employment, political affiliation (p =

This paper draws on the EU-SILC dataset to investigate changes over the period 2004 to 2014 in the trends and dynamics in poverty for social risk groups in selected European countries representing different welfare regimes (Social democratic, Corporatist, Liberal and Southern). Social risk groups differ in the challenges they face to their capacity to convert resources (such as capital and skills) into desired outcomes (goods and services). They include lone parents, adults with a disability, young adults, children, older adults and the reference group of other working-age adults. The comparative element of the project allowed us to assess whether certain welfare regimes were better at protecting more vulnerable groups. We address three research questions: Do the same social risk groups face higher risks of poverty (and greater persistence of poverty) in all countries? Is the ?social risk gap? ? the difference in poverty across groups ? larger in countries like Ireland than in Social democratic countries like Sweden? Did the recession lead to polarisation between the vulnerable social risk groups and other working-age adults? We find that lone parents and families of working-age adults with a disability experience higher deprivation and poverty rates across all countries. Ireland, along with the other Liberal regime country, the UK, stood out as having poorer outcomes for the vulnerable groups, especially in terms of material deprivation. There was some evidence of polarisation over time in Ireland and the UK to the detriment of the vulnerable groups. This was not a pattern found across most countries, however.

This study aims to determine the Strategy for Reducing Poverty and Unemployment in the Highlands of North Sumatra by the Regional Development Planning Agency of North Sumatra (Bappedasu) and to find out what factors hinder the performance of the Regional Development Planning Agency of North Sumatra in Reducing Poverty and Unemployment in the Plains Region. North Sumatra High. The North Sumatra Regional Development Planning Agency is an agency or government agency that aims to coordinate development in the North Sumatra area. This research was conducted at the North Sumatra Regional and Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDASU). This study uses qualitative research methods with the type of exploratory research with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. In this study, a purposive sample strategy was utilized to recruit informants. With the results of the research that the Regional Development Planning Board of North Sumatra is still not as expected or has not carried out its overall task. This can be seen from the fact that the development target of North Sumatra Province in 2021 has not been achieved, especially in the highlands. And the factors that hinder the North Sumatra Regional Development Planning Agency are the rupiah exchange rate which shows an increase, the lack of job training centers, low public trust, the low rate of continuing schooling from high school / vocational school to university due to poor family conditions, and the spread of Covid19.

La pobreza en Colombia tuvo una reducción heterogénea entre las ciudades capitales en las últimas cuatro décadas. A pesar del descenso en pobreza monetaria, Florencia permanece alejada del promedio nacional y de las principales capitales. Con un porcentaje de pobreza monetaria del 32,8% en 2018, esta se encontraba en el sexto lugar entre las 23 principales ciudades. Este indicador es 1,2 veces mayor al promedio nacional, 2,0 veces el promedio de las 13 principales ciudades y 2,6 veces el de Bogotá. Utilizando la base de datos del SISBEN III, el censo de población y vivienda e información cartográfica, este documento analiza y caracteriza la pobreza en Florencia. Los resultados evidencian que espacialmente la pobreza se concentra en los sectores periféricos oriental y occidental, donde se han establecido asentamientos informales con condiciones precarias como consecuencia del crecimiento urbano no planificado y el desplazamiento forzado desde la década del 2000. Para superar las limitaciones encontradas, el trabajo propone una serie de inversiones a 2030. ; Poverty rate in Colombia dropped heterogeneously among capital cities during the last four decades. Despite a decline in monetary poverty, Florencia remains far below national average and main capital cities. The state capital of Caquetá had 32,8% of the population under the poverty line in 2018, which placed them within the six highest among the 23 main cities. This rate was 1,2 times higher than the national average, 2,0 the average of the 13 main cities, and 2,6 the measure of Bogotá. This document addresses and characterizes these conditions in Florencia employing the SISBEN III database, the national household survey and cartographic information. Results reveal that poverty is clustered in the eastern and western peripheral sectors, where slums have been established as a consequence of unplanned urban growth and forced displacement primarily in the 2000s. In order to overcome these challenges, this study proposes a set of investments to close the poverty gap by 2030. ; La pobreza en Florencia: Un análisis de sus factores, consecuencias y posibles soluciones Enfoque La reducción de la pobreza en Colombia ha sido notoria en el siglo XXI. A pesar de esto, en algunas ciudades la pobreza persiste por razones variables. Este estudio analiza la evolución de la pobreza en Florencia y los posibles factores asociados. Se utiliza información cartográfica por sectores censales para analizar la incidencia espacial de la pobreza en la ciudad. El análisis se basa principalmente en el Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda - CNPV y en la encuesta del Sisben III para elaborar mapas de pobreza. Adicionalmente se identifican y construyen mapas de asentamientos informales que concentran la pobreza urbana. Por otro lado, se priorizan inversiones para los sectores en los que se debe focalizar el gasto público para reducir la pobreza en 2030 al nivel del promedio de ciudades capitales y se exploran posibles mecanismos de financiación. Contribución El estudio permite analizar la pobreza de Florencia, los indicadores agregados y la dimensión espacial de los mismos. Las cifras agregadas de la ciudad se contrastan con el progreso relativo experimentado en otras ciudades del país y el promedio nacional. Además, se construyen indicadores por sectores censales que permiten comparar la persistencia en zonas específicas de la urbe. Adicionalmente, el análisis revela las inequidades espaciales en el bienestar de la ciudad, evidenciado principalmente a través de la falta de acceso a servicios públicos, infraestructura de vivienda inadecuada y bajo logro educativo. El documento contiene una propuesta de las inversiones adicionales requeridas en sectores prioritarios a pesar de que las finanzas públicas de la ciudad han crecido. Esta inversión se propone para un período de 11 años, y se calcula posibles fuentes de recursos adicionales, como el recaudo de recursos propios. Frase destacada: La informalidad urbana es el principal determinante de la persistencia de la pobreza. Las zonas periféricas oriental y occidental, donde se han establecido asentamientos informales con condiciones precarias, concentran los indicadores más agudos. Resultados La informalidad urbana es el principal determinante de la persistencia de la pobreza. Las zonas periféricas oriental y occidental, donde se han establecido asentamientos informales con condiciones precarias, concentran los indicadores más agudos. Estos se conformaron como consecuencia del crecimiento urbano no planificado y el desplazamiento forzado desde la década del 2000. En la actualidad, estos tienen alta incidencia de déficit de vivienda, NBI y bajo logro educativo. Existen cerca de 50 zonas informales identificadas en la ciudad. Dentro de estas, las más agudas concentran cerca de 1.827 unidades residenciales. La Troncal del Hacha y el Timy son los asentamientos informales más críticos. Se calcula que se requiere una inversión de 359.224 millones de pesos para programas de mejoramiento integral de barrios – MIB, programas de educación para el empleo y competitividad y para la implementación de la jornada única.

What happened to poverty in India in the 1990s has been fiercely debated, both politically and statistically. The debate has run parallel to the wider debate about globalization and poverty in the 1990s and is also an important part of that debate. The economic reforms of the early 1990s in India were followed by rates of economic growth that were high by historical standards. The effects on poverty remain controversial, however. The official numbers published by the government of India, showing acceleration in the rate of poverty reduction from 36 percent of the population in 1993 to 1994 to 26 percent in 1999 to 2000, have been challenged for showing both too little and too much poverty reduction. The various claims have often been frankly political, but there are also many important statistical issues. The debate, reviewed in this article, provides an excellent example of how politics and statistics interact in an important, largely domestic debate. Although there is no consensus on what happened to poverty in India in the 1990s, there is good evidence both that poverty fell and that the official estimates of poverty reduction are too optimistic, particularly for rural India. The issues covered in this article, although concerned with the measurement of poverty in India, have wide international relevance discrepancies between surveys and national accounts, the effects of questionnaire design, reporting periods, survey nonresponse, repair of imperfect data, choice of poverty lines, and interplay between statistics and politics.