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Research in political communication has recently begun to explore the role of non-Western English-language state-funded international broadcasters (NEIBs) in influencing international audiences. Despite this, there has been little attention given to understanding how NEIBs engage and influence young people in 'Western' democracies. Our article addresses this gap by providing a detailed analysis of RT's English-language, youth-orientated news product ICYMI. Launched in 2018, ICYMI is a social media-based news brand that consists of a series of 2–3-min videos that deliver satirical takes on recent global events including military conflict, financial scandals, and culture clashes. Our findings, which examine the first year of the platform's activity, show that ICYMI is a novel form of engagement, one that is not easily categorised as either public diplomacy or propaganda, nor can it be described as traditional journalism. Instead, we label this approach as geopolitical culture jamming. In this article, we conduct a discourse analysis of 45 videos published on YouTube by ICYMI over its first year to examine how the platform attempts to influence how young people relate to traditional foreign policy discourses. Our empirical analysis centres on how viewers engage with and interpret ICYMI's videos with the aim of addressing how RT may be influencing younger audiences, particularly its core demographic of Anglophone white males whose comments reflect an attachment to ICYMI's populist, anti-elite worldview.

Terrorism is said to be a substitute for conventional — or classic — warfare. And the response to terrorism is now called a 'war on terrorism'. Acts of terrorism have always been with us and so has war. Since time immemorial, warfare has been subject to legal regulations: the laws of war. Their foundations can be retraced to age-old practices established to mitigate the effects of recourse to violence when conflicts could not be resolved by peaceful means. These rules used to belong to customs observed by belligerents as a matter of course. Today, international treaties are the main source of the rules governing humanitarian aspects of the conduct of war: the Geneva Conventions for the protection of war victims of 12 August 1949 and their two Additional Protocols of 1977. Is international humanitarian law relevant to the horrors of modern warfare and, in particular, to terrorism? And does it sufficiently take into account the interest of states in combating terrorism?

Examines British press coverage of the operational aspects of the Mozambican floods to shed light on its focus on the generous disaster response, which revolved around the priorities of helicopters, boats, & infrastructure rebuilding. It is shown that news media supported these priorities via in-depth coverage of the issues. Other dimensions of the press coverage were representation of the gradients of opinion on the Mozambican disaster & public education on the victims' travails; reporting of the birth of a baby in a treetop during rescue operations is highlighted. Lessons from the Mozambican flood relate to the need for disaster preparedness & mitigation. While the press can make mistakes in coverage, in this case, it was able to bring international attention to bear on Mozambique, which helped the disaster response. J. Zendejas

Text of the draft convention in English and French. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Population projections serve various actors at subnational, national, and international levels as a quantitative basis for political and economic decision-making. Usually, the users are no experts in statistics or forecasting and therefore lack the methodological and demographic background to completely understand methods and limitations behind the projections they use to inform further analysis. Our contribution primarily targets that readership. Therefore, we give a brief overview of di erent approaches to population projection and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages, alongside practical problems in population data and forecasting. Fundamental di erences between deterministic and stochastic approaches are discussed, with special emphasis on the advantages of stochastic approaches. Next to selected projection data available to the public, we show central areas of application of population projections, with an emphasis on Germany

The sales directive will lead to the most important law reform in German contract law since the entering into force of the German Civil Code in 1900. This is true, first, for sales law and the law of limitation. Here, the most important problems were due to the fact that defects in quality and defects in the right confered were treated differently, that there was a multitude of grossly diverging limitation periods (from six months to thirty years) and that phenomena like the delivery of slightly different goods (aliud) or of a slightly diverging quantity (minus) were again treated differently. With respect to these differentiations, the directive will lead to an important simplification of German sales law. One major topic not treated by the directive will change as well: So far, in most cases sellers (and only sellers) could not be sued for damages in case of pure negligence but only of fraud. This is anachronistic and will change. One striking feature of new German sales law is that it applies to all sales with only very few specific rules for consumer sales. This is however due to the fact that also the (consumer) sales directive and the Vienna Convention on international (commercial) sales are very similar in most points. Apart from sales law, it is still likely that the reform of German contract law will extend, second, to two more fields: The general law of breach of contract will probably be reformed, the preparatory work by the so-called Schuldrechtskommission extended over two decades. And probably the different acts on consumer law will be integrated into the Civil Code. This relates mainly to door step selling, distance selling, consumer credits and also unfair contract terms, although the latter are not a problem only of consumer contracts under German law. German academia was taken in surprise by the pace of reform both on Community level and by the German legislature. It started to collaborate in the legislative process only lately and large parts of it still rather see the disadvantages of new models than the chances of law reform. This casts some doubts over the parts of the reform which are not imposed by the directive.

AbstractBackgroundThe organization of healthcare for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) varies across countries. Each country has developed unique practices embedded in their historical and organizational context. Understanding and sharing these practices across borders facilitates mutual understanding about healthcare needs of people with IDD and facilitates the adoption of effective strategies in other countries.AimTo provide a synthesis across the country‐specific papers in the JPPID special edition and thereby identify underlying trends, challenges, and best practices in healthcare for people with IDD.MethodsThe papers in this special edition, which describe the organization of healthcare for people with IDD in 13 countries, were qualitatively analyzed using thematic content analysis, focusing on general characteristics, history, and context, organization of healthcare for people with IDD, challenges, and best practices.ResultsEach paper described a specific national history of evolution of healthcare for people with IDD, but our analysis showed that countries face similar challenges in healthcare for people with IDD. These challenges cover (1) access to healthcare, (2) quality of healthcare, (3) implementation, and (4) visibility of people with IDD. Consequently, people with IDD continue to face significant health disparities. Several best practices have been developed, ranging from making mainstream healthcare more accessible and suitable to providing specialized services, and advocating and raising awareness.ConclusionsThis synthesis is the first paper to include perspectives on healthcare for people with IDD across 13 countries. We identified that, despite differences in context, countries face similar challenges in improving healthcare for people with IDD. International collaboration and networking can provide essential tools in reducing health disparities that people with IDD face, starting with the challenges identified in this synthesis. This will require effort to especially include low‐ and middle‐income countries.