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This comprehensive study demonstrates the dramatic changes that have taken place in the protection of old and new social risks, exploring the mechanisms behind these changes in the context of corporatist welfare state institutions.

This article analyses the influence of individual working preferences on women's labour market behaviour in the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom, addressing the question: to what extent do individual preferences have a causal effect on women's average weekly working hours? Using longitudinal panel data from all three countries, a fixed-effects model is applied to measure the effect of individual preferences in year t-1 on women's average weekly working hours in year t. The data is pooled from 1992 to 2002. After controlling for a number of individual, household and job characteristics we see that individual preferences are most influential in the Netherlands. However, the data do not support the idea that choice is more important than constraint because individual, household and job characteristics remain significant. In addition, the results demonstrate that it is important to understand individual preferences within the institutional context. Therefore, within the theoretical and policy debates about women's labour market participation we must consider possible barriers that hinder women when making labour market "choices". ; Este artigo analisa a influência das preferências individuais de trabalho no comportamento das mulheres no mercado de trabalho na Holanda, Alemanha e Reino Unido, abordando a questão: até que ponto as preferências individuais têm um efeito causal na média das horas de trabalho semanais das mulheres? Usando dados de painéis longitudinais dos três países, é aplicado um modelo de efeitos fixos para medir o efeito das preferências individuais no ano t-1, na média das horas de trabalho semanais das mulheres no ano t. Os dados são explorados de 1992 a 2002. Depois de controlar para cada indivíduo as características habitacionais e profissionais, vemos que as preferências individuais são mais influentes na Holanda. No entanto, os dados não sustentam a ideia de que a escolha é mais importante do que o constrangimento, porque as características individuais, familiares e profissionais continuam a ser significativas. Além disso, os resultados demonstram que é importante compreender as preferências individuais dentro do contexto institucional. Portanto, nos debates teóricos e políticos sobre a participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho, devemos ter em conta as possíveis barreiras que limitam as suas "escolhas" no mercado de trabalho. ; Cet article analyse l'influence des préférences individuelles de travail dans le comportement des femmes sur le marché du travail en Hollande, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni, en posant une question : à quel point les préférences individuelles influencent-elles la moyenne d'heures de travail hebdomadaire des femmes ? En utilisant les données de panels longitudinaux des trois pays, un modèle d'effets fixes est appliqué pour mesurer l'effet des préférences individuelles au cours de l'année t-1 sur la moyenne des heures de travail hebdomadaires des femmes au cours de l'année t. Les données sont exploirées de 1992 à 2002. Après avoir contrôlé pour chaque individu les conditions d'habitation et professionnelles, nous pouvons voir que les préférences individuelles ont plus d'influence en Hollande. Cependant, les données ne permettent pas d'affirmer que le choix est plus important que la contrainte, car les caractéristiques individuelles, familiales et professionnelles demeurent importantes. En outre, les résultats démontrent qu'il est important de comprendre les préférences individuelles dans le contexte institutionnel. Par conséquent, dans les débats théoriques et politiques autour de la présence des femmes sur le marché du travail, nous devons tenir compte des éventuelles barrières qui limitent leurs " choix " sur le marché du travail. ; Este artículo analiza la influencia de las preferencias individuales de trabajo en el comportamiento de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo en Holanda, Alemania y Reino Unido, abordando la cuestión, ¿Hasta qué punto las preferencias individuales tienen un efecto causal en el promedio de las horas de trabajo semanales de las mujeres? Usando datos de muestras longitudinales de los tres países, se ha aplicado un modelo de efectos fijos para medir el efecto de las preferencias individuales en el año t-1, en el promedio de las horas de trabajo semanales de las mujeres en el año t. Los datos son analizados de 1992 a 2002. Después de controlar para cada individuo las características habitacionales y profesionales, vemos que las preferencias individuales son más influyentes en Holanda. Sin embargo, los datos no sustentan la idea de que la elección sea más importante de que la limitante porque las características individuales, familiares y profesionales continúan a ser significativas. Además de eso, los resultados demuestran que es importante comprender las preferencias individuales dentro del contexto institucional. Por lo tanto, en los debates teóricos y políticos sobre la participación de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo, debemos tener en cuenta las posibles barreras que limitan sus "elecciones" en el mercado de trabajo.

The Netherlands is often heralded for the success of its 'part-time model' of employment. Yet the supposed success of this model raises the question whether the Dutch part-time variant is the ideal gender-neutral policy approach. A comparative, longitudinal analysis of employment transitions in the Netherlands and the UK shows that while the Dutch part-time model may be unique, its outcomes are not. In both cases, gender inequality in employment transitions is evident. Gender inequality is apparent in Dutch care policy as well. Moreover, part-time work is quickly becoming the long-term norm for women's employment, even for women without care responsibilities.

Section I Introduction. 1 Why Solidarity and Social Justice Still Matter Today -- Introduction -- Key Concepts in the Book -- Outline of the Book -- Glossary -- References -- Section II Theoretical Perspectives on Solidarity and Social Justice -- 2 Who We Are and Who We Choose to Help (or Not): An -- Introduction to Social Identity Theory -- Introduction -- A Brief Introduction to Social Identity Theory -- How Can Social Identities Encourage Intergroup Animosity and Resistance to Social Change? -- How Can Social Identities Facilitate Intergroup Solidarity and Social Change? -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 3 Understanding Solidarity in Society: Triggers and Barriers for In- and Outgroup Solidarity -- Introduction -- Forms of Solidarity: To Whom Do We Owe? -- Social Justice: What Do We Owe? -- Macro−/Meso-level Solidarity: Sociological Ideas About Social Justice and Solidarity -- Micro-level Solidarity: Psychological Ideas on Solidarity -- Conclusion: Social Justice and Solidarity -- Glossary -- References -- 4 Social Justice and the Justification of Social Inequalities -- Introduction -- What Is a Just Distribution of Burdens and Benefits? -- How Can We Create a Just Decision-Making Process? -- Who Is Included in Our Justice Judgments? -- How Do People Justify Injustice and Inequalities? -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 5 The Philosophy of Social Justice and Welfare Provision: Towards Capacitating Solidarity -- Introduction -- The Good Polity: From T.H. Marshall to John Rawls -- The Good Life: From the Means of Economic Security to the Ends of Human Flourishing -- 'Stepping-Stone' Solidarity to Complement 'Robin Hood' and 'Piggy-Bank' Social Security -- Conclusion: The Correlates of the Good Life in the Good Polity -- Glossary -- References -- 6 Who Should Get What and Why? Insights from Welfare Deservingness Theory -- Introduction -- The Welfare Deservingness Model -- Individual and Contextual Differences in Deservingness Opinions -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- Section III An Empirical Overview of Social Inequalities Across Societal Fault Lines -- 7 Gender Stereotypes: What Are They and How Do They Relate to Social Inequality? -- Introduction -- Where Do Gender Stereotypes Come From and How Are They Reinforced? -- Gender Stereotypes and Social Inequality -- Promoting Gender Equality -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 8 Gender Inequality: Perceptions of Fairness and Justice -- Introduction -- Gender Inequality in Housework, Care Work, and Paid Employment -- A Social Justice Framework for Understanding Gender Inequality -- Empirical Example: Accepting Unfair Arrangements at Work -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 9 Modern Ageism and Age Stereotyping -- Introduction -- Age-Related Stereotypes -- Stereotype Origins -- Consequences of Stereotypes -- Countering Modern Ageism -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 10 Is the Intergenerational Social Contract Under Pressure?.-Studying Age Cleavages in Attitudes Towards Government Support for the Young and the Old -- Introduction -- Age and Attitudes Towards Welfare Provision for the Young and the Old -- Data and Methodology -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 11 How to Study and Understand Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health -- Introduction -- Defining and Measuring Socioeconomic Position -- Intersectionality, Self-Perceived SEP, and Stereotypes -- Consequences of SEP for Health and Well-Being -- Battling Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health and Well-Being -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 12 Deservingness and Socio-Economic Cleavages -- Introduction -- Deservingness theory and Socio-Economic Differences -- Deservingness perceptions in Slovenia and Germany -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 13 They Take Away Our Jobs! They Undermine Our National Culture! Public Perceptions of Immigrants and Their Consequences for Solidarity Across Ethnic Boundaries -- Introduction -- Are They Friendly and Competent? Stereotypes of Immigrants -- Stereotypes as Barriers for Inter-Ethnic Solidarity in the Context of Immigration -- Host Society Members' Perceptions of Economic and Cultural Threats -- Threat Perceptions as Barriers for Host Society's Solidarity with Immigrants -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 14 Welfare Chauvinism: Are Immigrants Granted Access to Welfare State Benefits? -- Introduction -- Welfare Chauvinism in Relation to the Welfare Deservingness Literature -- Explanations of Welfare Chauvinism -- Incidence of Welfare Chauvinism -- Welfare Chauvinism: EU Versus Non-EU Immigrants and Different Welfare State Domains -- Immigrants Themselves on Welfare State Access -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 15 Sexual Orientation as Social Justice Fault Line: The Role of Stigmatised Identities and Minority Community Solidarity in Social Inequalities in Wellbeing -- Introduction -- Social Inequality Affecting Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People -- Social Stigma, Minority Stress and Wellbeing of LGB People -- Solidarity to Achieve Social Justice for LGB People -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 16 Perceptions of Deservingness: Civil and Social Rights for Same-Sex Families -- Introduction -- Civil and Social Rights of Same-Sex Families Within the EU: The Debate -- The Current Study: Data and Methods -- Results -- Civil and Social Rights of Citizens Who Move Within the EU -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- Section IV Global Challenges to Solidarity and Social Justice -- 17 Leaving No One Behind: Climate Change as a Societal Challenge for Social Justice and Solidarity -- Introduction -- Environmental Justice in Reaction to Climate Change -- Individual Behaviour in Climate Change Mitigation -- Beyond the Motivation for Sustainable Behaviour -- Sustainability Transitions: Challenges for Solidarity and Social Justice -- Glossary -- References -- 18 Digitalisation of Public Services as a Challenge to Social Justice -- Introduction -- Digitalisation of Public Services Provision -- Social Justice and the Digital Divide -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 19 The Covid-19 Pandemic and Societal Challenges to Solidarity and Social Justice: Consequences for Vulnerable Groups -- Introduction -- Inequalities in the Prevalence and Severity of COVID-19 -- Inequalities in the Impact of Measures to Curb COVID-19 -- Challenges to Solidarity and Social Justice During the Ongoing Pandemic -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- Section V Conclusions -- 20 Understanding Solidarity and Social Justice: Barriers that Remain -- Introduction -- Key Conclusions About Solidarity and Social Justice -- Solidarity, and Social Justice in a Changing World? -- References.